Solid forms of a selective cdk4/6 inhibitor

ABSTRACT

This invention relates to the crystalline free base of acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-(5-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one, formula (1) having improved properties, to pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms comprising the free base, and to methods for making and using such compounds, compositions and dosage forms in the treatment of cell proliferative diseases, such as cancer.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 61/767,761, filed on Feb. 21, 2013, which isincorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to the free base of6-acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-(5-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-onehaving improved physicochemical properties. The invention also relatesto pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms comprising the freebase, and to methods for making and using such compounds, compositionsand dosage forms in the treatment of cell proliferative diseases, suchas cancer.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The compound6-acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-(5-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one(also referred to herein as “compound 1”), may be represented by thestructure:

and is also known as palbociclib or PD-0332991. Compound 1 is a potentand selective inhibitor of CDK4 and CDK6.

Compound 1 and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are disclosedin International Publication No. WO 2003/062236 and U.S. Pat. Nos.6,936,612, 7,208,489 and 7,456,168, which describe the preparation ofcompound 1 as its hydrochloride salt. International Publication No. WO2005/005426 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,345,171 and 7,863,278 describepreparation of the free base and various mono- and di-acid additionsalts of compound 1, including polymorphic forms of the isethionatesalt. A process for the preparation of compound 1 as a mono-isethionatesalt is described in International Publication No. WO 2008/032157 andU.S. Pat. No. 7,781,583. The contents of each of the foregoingreferences are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

While compound 1 is a potent and selective CDK4/CDK6 inhibitor, its useas a free base presented challenges for pharmaceutical development. Thefree base provided by traditional salt break procedures, e.g., as inExample 4 of WO 2005/005426, was highly static prone and formed smallprimary particles, which agglomerated into large, hard agglomerates thatwere difficult to disperse by sieving and were unsuitable for furtherdevelopment. The present invention provides compound 1 free base havinglarger primary particle size that demonstrates improved physicochemicaland manufacturability properties.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The free base of compound1,6-acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-(5-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one,can exist in one or more polymorphic forms, including Form A and Form B,wherein Form A is the more stable crystalline form. The free base may beanhydrous, or may contain varying amounts of water or one or moresolvents.

The present invention provides the crystalline free base of compound 1having larger primary particle size, greatly reduced specific surfacearea, and lower surface energy measurements than the free base providedby traditional salt break methods described in the art. The largeparticle size compound 1 free base disclosed herein is distinguishableby a variety of methods.

The polymorphic and solid forms of the invention can be distinguished bypowder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD), solid state NMR (ssNMR),differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), vibrational spectroscopy (e.g.,IR and Raman spectroscopy), polarized light microscopy (PLM), scanningelectron microscopy (SEM), hot stage optical microscopy, electroncrystallography, single crystal X-ray diffractometry, quantitativeanalysis, particle size analysis (PSA) (e.g., particle size, particlesize distribution (PSD), and particle shape), specific surface area(SSA) analysis, surface energy analysis (e.g., inverse gaschromatography or IGC), by solubility studies and dissolution studies,or a combination of these techniques.

In one aspect, the invention provides a crystalline free base of6-acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-(5-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-onehaving a specific surface area of ≦2 m²/g. In some embodiments, the freebase has a specific surface area of ≦1 m²/g.

In preferred embodiments, the crystalline free base of compound 1 is apolymorph Form A of the free base. In some such embodiments, thecrystalline free base has a PXRD pattern comprising a peak atdiffraction angle (2θ) of 10.1±0.2. In other such embodiments, thecrystalline free base has a PXRD pattern comprising peaks at diffractionangles (2θ) of 8.0±0.2 and 10.1±0.2. In still other embodiments, thecrystalline free base has a PXRD pattern comprising peaks at diffractionangles (2θ) of 8.0±0.2, 10.1±0.2, and 11.5±0.2. In further embodiments,the crystalline free base has a PXRD pattern comprising peaks atdiffraction angles (2θ) of 8.0±0.2, 10.1±0.2, 10.3±0.2, and 11.5±0.2. Infurther embodiments, the crystalline free base has a PXRD patterncomprising peaks at diffraction angles (2θ) essentially the same asshown in FIG. 1.

In some embodiments, the crystalline free base of compound 1 (Form A)has a ¹³C solid state NMR (ssNMR) spectrum comprising the followingresonance (ppm) values: 12.5 ppm±0.2 ppm. In other embodiments, thecrystalline free base has a ¹³C solid state NMR spectrum comprising thefollowing resonance (ppm) values: 12.5 ppm and 112.4 ppm±0.2 ppm. Infurther embodiments, the crystalline free base has a ¹³C solid state NMRspectrum comprising the following resonance (ppm) values: or 12.5 ppm,112.4 ppm and 143.2 ppm±0.2 ppm.

In some embodiments described herein, the compound 1 free base of theinvention is distinguished by particle size analysis. In some suchembodiments, the crystalline free base has a primary particle size offrom about 5 μm to about 150 μm, preferably from about 10 μm to about100 μm, or more preferably from about 15 μm to about 80 μm. In othersuch embodiments, the crystalline free base has a primary particle sizedistribution characterized by: (i) a D10 value of from about 5 μm toabout 10 μm; (ii) a D50 value of from about 10 μm to about 45 μm; or(iii) a D90 value of from about 30 μm to about 125 μm; or a combinationof (i), (ii) and (iii). In additional embodiments, the crystalline freebase has a primary particle size distribution ratio of (D90-D10)/D50 offrom about 2 to about 3. In further embodiments, the crystalline freebase has a volume mean diameter (D[4,3]) of from about 15 μm to about125 μm.

In some embodiments, the crystalline free base of compound 1 isanhydrous. In other embodiments, the crystalline free base of compound 1is a solvate, in particular a hydrate.

In another aspect, the invention provides a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a crystalline free base of compound 1, having the largeprimary particle size according to the invention, and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier, diluent or excipient. Frequently, the pharmaceuticalcomposition comprises polymorph Form A of the free base.

The invention further provides a capsule comprising such apharmaceutical composition of the invention. In some such embodiments,the capsule comprises from 0.1 to 200 mg, and preferably from 25 to 150mg, of compound 1 free base (preferably as polymorph Form A), having thelarge primary particle size as described herein.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method of treating cancer ina mammal, preferably a human, comprising administering to the mammal atherapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition of theinvention. The method of treatment may further comprise administrationof compound 1 in combination with one or more additional therapeuticagents.

In further aspects, the invention provides methods of making the freebase of compound 1 having a large primary particle size, as describedherein. One method involves dissolving the small particle size free baseof compound 1 in mixture of a first solvent and a second solvent andheating to achieve dissolution, cooling to appropriate temperature,providing seed crystals of compound 1 free base (Form A), followed bycrystallization to provide the large particle size free base ofcompound 1. The small particle size free base used in this process maybe isolated from a traditional salt break procedure, e.g., by acidichydrolysis of the intermediate vinyl ether to provide an acid additionsalt, followed by basification, as described in Example 5. Anothermethod involves acidic hydrolysis of the intermediate vinyl ether in amixture of water and a first solvent, which may require heating toobtain dissolution, addition of a second solvent and basification toprovide a second mixture comprising the free base generated in situ,heating if required to obtain dissolution and to distill off water, andproviding seed crystals of compound 1 free base (Form A) at anappropriate temperature, followed by crystallization to provide the freebase of compound 1 having a large primary particle size. The inventionfurther provides the free base of compound 1 prepared by these methods,having the properties described herein.

In each of the above methods, the first solvent is an alcohol and thesecond solvent is an aromatic solvent. Suitable alcohols include, butare not limited to, relatively high boiling alcohols such as n-butanol,t-butanol, n-propanol, pentanol, 1,4-butanediol or propylene glycol, andthe like. Suitable aromatic solvents include, but are not limited to,anisole, mesitylene, m-xylene, chlorobenzene, pyridine, and the like. Toimprove yields, the methods may include heating or cooling totemperatures above or below room temperature. Frequently, the reactionmixtures may be heated to temperatures ranging from about 30° C. toabout 150° C., and more frequently from about 50° C. to about 120° C. toachieve dissolution. During crystallization, it may be desirable to coolthe reaction mixture to a temperature that is at or below roomtemperature, for example between about 0° C. and about 30° C.,preferably to about 5° C., about 10° C., about 15° C., or about 20° C.

These and other aspects and embodiments are further described by thedetailed description provided herein. Each of the embodiments describedherein can be combined with any other embodiment described herein notinconsistent with the embodiment with which it is combined.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a PXRD pattern of compound 1 free base, polymorph Form A.

FIG. 2 shows the Carbon CPMAS spectrum of compound 1 free base,polymorph Form A. Peaks marked by asterisks are spinning sidebands.

FIG. 3 shows a PXRD pattern of compound 1 free base, polymorph Form B.

FIG. 4 shows the Carbon CPMAS spectrum of compound 1 free base,polymorph Form B. Peaks marked by asterisks are spinning sidebands.

FIG. 5 shows a scanning electron microscopy (200× magnification) imageof compound 1 free base API, polymorph Form A, recrystallized from 40%n-BuOH/anisole.

FIG. 6 shows a scanning electron microscopy (1500× magnification) imageof compound 1 free base API, polymorph Form A, isolated from a standardfree basing process.

FIG. 7 shows the particle size distribution of compound 1 free base API,polymorph Form A, recrystallized from 40% n-BuOH/anisole.

FIG. 8 shows the particle size distribution of compound 1 free base API,polymorph Form A, isolated from a standard free basing process.

FIG. 9 shows a polarized light microscopy (PLM) image (200×) of compound1 free base API, polymorph Form A, recrystallized from 40%n-BuOH/anisole.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention may be understood more readily by reference to thefollowing detailed description and the Examples included herein. It isto be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose ofdescribing specific embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting.It is further to be understood that unless specifically defined herein,the terminology used herein is to be given its traditional meaning asknown in the relevant art.

As used herein, the singular form “a”, “an”, and “the” include pluralreferences unless indicated otherwise. For example, “a” substituentincludes one or more substituents.

As used herein, the term “about” means within a statistically meaningfulrange of a value, such as a stated concentration range, time frame,molecular weight, particle size, temperature or pH. Such a range can bewithin an order of magnitude, typically within 20%, more typicallywithin 10%, and even more typically within 5% of the indicated value orrange. Sometimes, such a range can be within the experimental errortypical of standard methods used for the measurement and/ordetermination of a given value or range. The allowable variationencompassed by the term “about” will depend upon the particular systemunder study, and can be readily appreciated by one of ordinary skill inthe art. Whenever a range is recited within this application, everywhole number integer within the range is also contemplated as anembodiment of the invention.

As used herein, unless otherwise indicated, the term “abnormal cellgrowth” refers to cell growth that is independent of normal regulatorymechanisms (e.g., loss of contact inhibition). “Abnormal cellproliferative diseases” are diseases characterized by abnormal cellgrowth, such as cancer.

The term “cancer” includes both solid tumors and hematologicalmalignancies. Cancers include, but are not limited to, breast cancer,ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, prostate cancer,testicular cancer, pancreatic cancer, esophageal cancer, head and neckcancer, gastric cancer, bladder cancer, lung cancer (e.g.,adenocarcinoma, NSCLC and SCLC), bone cancer (e.g., osteosarcoma), coloncancer, rectal cancer, thyroid cancer, brain and central nervous systemcancers, glioblastoma, neuroblastoma, neuroendocrine cancer, rhabdoidcancer, keratoacanthoma, epidermoid carcinoma, seminoma, melanoma,sarcoma (e.g., liposarcoma), bladder cancer, liver cancer (e.g.,hepatocellular carcinoma), kidney cancer (e.g., renal cell carcinoma),myeloid disorders (e.g., AML, CML, myelodysplastic syndrome andpromyelocytic leukemia), and lymphoid disorders (e.g., leukemia,multiple myeloma, mantle cell lymphoma, ALL, CLL, B-cell lymphoma,T-cell lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, hairy celllymphoma).

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to substances, which arewithin the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contactwith the tissues of patients without undue toxicity, irritation,allergic response, and the like, commensurate with a reasonablebenefit/risk ratio, and effective for their intended use.

The term “mammal”, as used herein, may be a human or non-human mammal(e.g., dog, cat, rabbit, rat, mouse, horse, monkey, other lower-orderprimate, etc.). Preferably the mammal is a human.

As used herein, unless otherwise indicated, the term “treating” meansreversing, alleviating, inhibiting the progress of, or preventing thedisorder or condition to which such term applies, or one or moresymptoms of such disorder or condition. The term “treatment”, as usedherein, unless otherwise indicated, refers to the act of treating as“treating” as defined immediately above.

As used herein, an “effective” amount refers to an amount of a compound,agent, substance, formulation or composition that is of sufficientquantity to result in a decrease in severity of disease symptoms, anincrease in frequency and duration of disease symptom-free periods, or aprevention of impairment or disability due to the disease affliction.The amount may be as a single dose or according to a multiple doseregimen, alone or in combination with other compounds, agents orsubstances. One of ordinary skill in the art would be able to determinesuch amounts based on such factors as a subject's size, the severity ofa subject's symptoms, and the particular composition or route ofadministration selected.

“Unit dosage form”, as used herein, refers to a physically discrete unitof inventive formulation appropriate for the subject to be treated. Itwill be understood, however, that the total daily usage of thecompositions of the present invention will be decided by the attendingphysician within the scope of sound medical judgment. The specificeffective dose level for any particular subject will depend upon avariety of factors including the disorder being treated and the severityof the disorder; specific composition employed; age, body weight,general health, sex and diet of the subject; time of administration,duration of the treatment; drugs and/or additional therapies used incombination or coincidental with the inventive compositions, and likefactors well known in the medical arts.

As used herein, the term “essentially the same” with reference to X-raydiffraction peak positions means that typical peak position andintensity variability are taken into account. For example, one skilledin the art will appreciate that the peak positions (2θ) will show someinter-apparatus variability, typically as much as 0.2° or 0.1°. Further,one skilled in the art will appreciate that relative peak intensitieswill show inter-apparatus variability as well as variability due todegree of crystallinity, preferred orientation, prepared sample surface,and other factors known to those skilled in the art, and should be takenas qualitative measures only.

The term, “solvate,” as used herein, refers to a crystal form of asubstance which contains solvent. The term “hydrate” refers to a solvatewherein the solvent is water.

The term “seeding,” as used herein, means the addition of crystals to acrystallization system, for the purpose of initiating or enhancingnucleation or acting as substrate for further crystallization.

As used herein, the terms “API” or “active pharmaceutical ingredient”refer to the free base of6-acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-(5-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one.

As used herein, the term “primary particles” refers to individual APIcrystals.

As used herein, the term “agglomerates” refers to tightly bound APIcrystals that are difficult to disperse into primary particles duringprocessing and particle size analysis.

The present invention provides compound 1 free base having largerprimary particle size, greatly reduced specific surface area, and lowersurface energy measurements than the free base provided by traditionalsalt break methods. For convenience, the compound 1 free base providedby the invention may sometimes be referred to herein as the “large(primary) particle size” free base. This is in contrast to the free baseof compound 1 prepared through traditional salt break methods, which issometimes referred to as the “small (primary) particle size” free base.It will be understood by those of skill in the art that the reference to“small particle size” in this case refers to the particle size ofindividual API crystals, and does not take into account the propensityof the “small” particles to form large agglomerates.

In some embodiments of the invention described herein, the crystallinefree base of compound 1 is distinguished by specific surface area (SSA).Thus, in one aspect, the invention provides a crystalline free base of6-acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-(5-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-onehaving a specific surface area (SSA) of ≦2 m²/g. In some embodiments,the free base has a specific surface area (SSA) of ≦1 m²/g. In otherembodiments, the free base of compound 1 has an SSA of ≦0.9 m²/g, ≦0.8m²/g or ≦0.7 m²/g. In further embodiments, the free base of compound 1has an SSA of between 0.2 m²/g and 2 m²/g, between 0.5 m²/g and 1.5m²/g, or between 0.5 m²/g and 1 m²/g.

In some embodiments described herein, the crystalline free base ofcompound 1 is distinguished by dispersive surface energy. Thus, in oneaspect, the invention provides a crystalline free base of6-acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-(5-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-onehaving a dispersive surface energy of ≦60 mJ/m². In some embodiments,the free base has a dispersive surface energy of ≦55 mJ/m², ≦50 mJ/m²,≦45 mJ/m² or ≦40 mJ/m². In further embodiments, the free base ofcompound 1 has a dispersive surface energy of between 20 mJ/m² and 60mJ/m², between 25 mJ/m² and 50 mJ/m², or between 30 mJ/m² and 50 mJ/m².

In preferred embodiments, the crystalline free base of compound 1 is apolymorph Form A of the free base. In some such embodiments, thecrystalline form has a PXRD pattern comprising a peak at diffractionangle (2θ) of 10.1±0.2. In other such embodiments, the crystalline formhas a PXRD pattern comprising peaks at diffraction angles (2θ) of8.0±0.2 and 10.1±0.2. In still other embodiments, the crystalline formhas a PXRD pattern comprising peaks at diffraction angles (2θ) of8.0±0.2, 10.1±0.2, and 11.5±0.2. In further embodiments, the crystallineform has a PXRD pattern comprising peaks at diffraction angles (2θ) of8.0±0.2, 10.1±0.2, 10.3±0.2, and 11.5±0.2. In other embodiments, thecrystalline form has a PXRD pattern comprising peaks at diffractionangles (2θ) of 5.1±0.2, 8.0±0.2, 10.1±0.2, and 11.5±0.2. In furtherembodiments, the crystalline form has a PXRD pattern comprising peaks atdiffraction angles (2θ) of 8.0±0.2, 10.1±0.2, 11.5±0.2, and 19.7±0.2. Instill further embodiments, the crystalline form has a PXRD patterncomprising peaks at diffraction angles (2θ) of 8.0±0.2, 10.1±0.2,11.5±0.2, and 22.5±0.2. In further embodiments, the crystalline form hasa PXRD pattern comprising peaks at diffraction angles (2θ) essentiallythe same as shown in FIG. 1.

In some embodiments, the crystalline free base of compound 1 (Form A)has a ¹³C solid state NMR spectrum comprising the following resonance(ppm) values: 12.5 ppm±0.2 ppm. In other embodiments, the crystallineform has a ¹³C solid state NMR spectrum comprising the followingresonance (ppm) values: 12.5 ppm and 112.4 ppm±0.2 ppm. In furtherembodiments, the crystalline form has a ¹³C solid state NMR spectrumcomprising the following resonance (ppm) values: or 12.5 ppm, 112.4 ppmand 143.2 ppm±0.2 ppm.

In some embodiments described herein, the crystalline free base ofcompound 1 is distinguished by particle size analysis. In some suchembodiments, the free base has a primary particle size of from about 5μm to about 150 μm, preferably from about 10 μm to about 100 μm, andmore preferably from about 15 μm to about 80 μm.

In other such embodiments, the free base has a primary particle sizedistribution characterized by: (i) a D10 value of from about 5 μm toabout 10 μm; (ii) a D50 value of from about 10 μm to about 45 μm; or(iii) a D90 value of from about 30 μm to about 125 μm; or a combinationof (i), (ii) and (iii). In additional embodiments, the free base has aprimary particle size distribution ratio of (D90-D10)/D50 of from about2 to about 3. In further embodiments, the free base has a volume meandiameter (D[4,3]) of from about 15 μm to about 125 μm.

In one aspect, the invention provides a crystalline free base of6-acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-(5-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one,having a primary particle size of greater than about 5 μm. In someembodiments, the free base has a primary particle size of greater thanabout 7.5 μm. In other embodiments, the free base has a primary particlesize of greater than about 10 μm. In other such embodiments, the freebase has a primary particle size of greater than about 12.5 μm. In othersuch embodiments, the free base has a primary particle size of greaterthan about 15 μm.

In another aspect, the invention provides a crystalline free base of6-acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-(5-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one,having a primary particle size of from about 5 μm to about 200 μm. Insome embodiments, the free base has a primary particle size of: fromabout 5 μm to about 175 μm; from about 5 μm to about 150 μm; from about5 μm to about 125 μm; from about 5 μm to about 100 μm; from about 5 μmto about 75 μm; from about 10 μm to about 200 μm; from about 10 μm toabout 175 μm; from about 10 μm to about 150 μm; from about 10 μm toabout 125 μm; from about 10 μm to about 100 μm; from about 10 μm toabout 75 μm; from about 15 μm to about 200 μm; from about 15 μm to about175 μm; from about 15 μm to about 150 μm; from about 15 μm to about 125μm; from about 15 μm to about 100 μm; or from about 15 μm to about 75μm.

In another aspect, the invention provides a crystalline free base of6-acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-(5-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one,having a primary particle size distribution having at least one of:

(a) a D10 value of from about 5 μm to about 10 μm;

(b) a D50 value of from about 10 μm to about 45 μm; and

(c) a D90 value of from about 30 μm to about 125 μm.

In some such embodiments, the free base has a D10 value of from about 5μm to about 10 μm. In other such embodiments, the free base has a D90value of from about 30 μm to about 125 μm. In other such embodiments,the free base has a D50 value of from about 10 μm to about 45 μm. Insome such embodiments, the free base has a D10 value of from about 5 μmto about 10 μm and a D90 value of from about 30 μm to about 125 μm. Infurther embodiments, the free base has a D10 value of from about 5 μm toabout 10 μm, a D90 value of from about 30 μm to about 125 μm, and a D50value of from about 10 μm to about 45 μm.

In another aspect, the invention provides a crystalline free base of6-acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-(5-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one,having a primary particle size distribution having at least one of:

(d) a D10 value of from about 5 μm to about 10 μm;

(e) a D50 value of from about 10 μm to about 25 μm; and

(f) a D90 value of from about 30 μm to about 75 μm.

In some such embodiments, the free base has a D10 value of from about 5μm to about 10 μm. In other such embodiments, the free base has a D90value of from about 30 μm to about 75 μm. In other such embodiments, thefree base has a D50 value of from about 10 μm to about 25 μm. In somesuch embodiments, the free base has a D10 value of from about 5 μm toabout 10 μm and a D90 value of from about 30 μm to about 75 μm. Infurther embodiments, the free base has a D10 value of from about 5 μm toabout 10 μm, a D90 value of from about 30 μm to about 755 μm, and a D50value of from about 10 μm to about 25 μm.

In other embodiments, the free base has a primary particle sizedistribution having a D10 value of: from about 5 μm to about 7.5 μm;from about 5 μm to about 10 μm; from about 5 μm to about 12.5 μm; orfrom about 5 μm to about 15 μm.

In other embodiments, the free base has a primary particle sizedistribution having a D50 value of: from about 10 μm to about 50 μm;from about 10 μm to about 45 μm; from about 10 μm to about 40 μm; fromabout 10 μm to about 35 μm; from about 10 μm to about 30 μm; from about10 μm to about 25 μm; or from about 10 μm to about 20 μm.

In still other embodiments, the free base has a primary particle sizedistribution having a D90 value of: from about 30 μm to about 175 μm;from about 30 μm to about 160 μm; from about 30 μm to about 150 μm; fromabout 30 μm to about 140 μm; from about 30 μm to about 130 μm; fromabout 30 μm to about 125 μm; from about 30 μm to about 120 μm; fromabout 30 μm to about 115 μm; from about 30 μm to about 110 μm; fromabout 30 μm to about 100 μm; from about 30 μm to about 75 μm; from about30 μm to about 70 μm; from about 30 μm to about 65 μm; from about 30 μmto about 60 μm; from about 30 μm to about 55 μm; from about 30 μm toabout 50 μm; or from about 30 μm to about 45 μm.

Each of the foregoing values of embodiments for D10 can be combined withany value for D50 and/or D90 value not inconsistent with it. Each of theforegoing values of embodiments for D50 can be combined with any valuefor D10 and/or D90 value not inconsistent with it. Each of the foregoingvalues of embodiments for D90 can be combined with any value for D10and/or D50 value not inconsistent with it.

In another aspect, the invention provides a crystalline free base of6-acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-(5-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one,having a primary particle size distribution ratio of (D90-D10)/D50 offrom about 2 to about 3. In some such embodiments, the free base has aprimary particle size of from about 5 μm to about 150 μm.

In some embodiments of this aspect, the free base has a primary particlesize distribution ratio of (D90-D10)/D50 of: from about 2 to about 2.75;from about 2 to about 2.5; from about 2 to about 2.25. In otherembodiments, the ratio is about 2.0, about 2.1, about 2.2, about 2.3,about 2.4, about 2.5, about 2.6, about 2.7, about 2.8, about 2.9, orabout 3.0.

In yet another aspect, the invention provides a crystalline free base of6-acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-(5-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one,having a volume mean diameter (D[4,3]) of from about 15 μm to about 125μm. In some embodiments, the free base has a D[4,3] of from about 50 μmto about 100 μm. In other embodiments, the free base has a D[4,3] offrom about 15 μm to about 30 μm.

In still other embodiments, the free base has a D[4,3] of: from about 15μm to about 100 μm; from about 15 μm to about 90 μm; from about 15 μm toabout 80 μm; from about 15 μm to about 70 μm; from about 15 μm to about60 μm; from about 15 μm to about 50 μm; from about 15 μm to about 40 μm;from about 25 μm to about 120 μm; from about 25 μm to about 100 μm; fromabout 25 μm to about 90 μm; from about 25 μm to about 80 μm; from about25 μm to about 70 μm; from about 25 μm to about 60 μm; from about 25 μmto about 50 μm; from about 25 μm to about 40 μm; about 25 μm; about 30μm; about 35 μm; about 40 μm; about 45 μm; about 50 μm; about 55 μm;about 60 μm; about 65 μm; about 70 μm; about 75 μm; to about 80 μm;about 90 μm; about 100 μm; about 105 μm; about 110 μm; about 115 μm; orabout 120 μm.

In another aspect, the invention provides a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising the free base of the invention, and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier, diluent or excipient. The invention further providescapsule comprising such a pharmaceutical composition of the invention.

In some embodiments, the capsule comprises from 0.1 to 200 mg ofpolymorph Form A of6-acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-(5-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one.In other embodiments, the capsule comprises from 25 to 150 mg of thepolymorph Form A of6-acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-(5-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one.In other embodiments, the capsule comprises from 50 to 150 mg of thepolymorph Form A of6-acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-(5-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one.In other embodiments, the capsule comprises from 50 to 100 mg of thepolymorph Form A of6-acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-(5-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one.In other embodiments, the capsule comprises from 75 to 150 mg of thepolymorph Form A of6-acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-(5-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one

In another aspect, the invention provides a method of treating cancer ina mammal, including a human, comprising administering to the mammal atherapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition of theinvention. In some such embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition isadministered in a capsule. The capsule may comprise from 0.1 to 200 mgof the polymorph Form A of6-acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-(5-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-onefree base. In other embodiments, the capsule may comprise from 25 to 150mg of the polymorph Form A of6-acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-(5-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-onefree base. In further embodiments, the capsule may comprise from 50 to150 mg of the polymorph Form A of6-acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-(5-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-onefree base.

Techniques for characterizing the crystalline free base of compound 1according to the invention include, but are not limited to, powder X-raydiffractometry (PXRD), solid state NMR (ssNMR), differential scanningcalorimetry (DSC), vibrational spectroscopy (e.g., IR and Ramanspectroscopy), polarized light microscopy (PLM), scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM), hot stage optical microscopy, electroncrystallography, single crystal X-ray diffractometry, quantitativeanalysis, particle size analysis (PSA) (e.g., particle size, particlesize distribution (PSD), and particle shape), specific surface area(SSA) analysis, surface energy analysis (e.g., inverse gaschromatography or IGC), by solubility studies and dissolution studies,or a combination of these techniques.

In further aspects, the invention provides methods of making the freebase of compound 1 having a large primary particle size, as describedherein. One method involves dissolving the small particle size free baseof compound 1 in mixture of a first solvent and a second solvent andheating to achieve dissolution, cooling to appropriate temperature,providing seed crystals of compound 1 free base (Form A), followed bycrystallization to provide the large particle size free base ofcompound 1. The small particle size free base used in this process maybe isolated from a traditional salt break procedure, e.g., by acidichydrolysis of the intermediate vinyl ether to provide an acid additionsalt, followed by basification, as described in Example 5.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method of making the largeparticle size free base of6-acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-(5-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one(Form A), comprising: (a) suspending6-acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-(5-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-onefree base in mixture of a first solvent and a second solvent and heatingto achieve dissolution; (b) cooling to an appropriate temperature andproviding seed crystals of6-acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-(5-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-onefree base (Form A); (c) gradually cooling the mixture to achievecrystallization; and (d) isolating the free base of6-acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-(5-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one(Form A) having large particle size.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of making thelarge particle size free base of6-acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-(5-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one(Form A), comprising: (a) suspending6-acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-(5-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-onefree base in mixture of n-butanol and anisole and heating to about95-100° C. to achieve dissolution; (b) cooling to about 80° C. andproviding seed crystals of6-acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-(5-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-onefree base (Form A); (c) maintaining the mixture at about 80° C. forabout 3 hours and then gradually cooling to about 10° C. to achievecrystallization; and (d) filtering to isolate the free base of6-acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-(5-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one(Form A) having large particle size.

Another method involves acidic hydrolysis of the intermediate vinylether in a mixture of water and a first solvent, which may requireheating to obtain dissolution, addition of a second solvent andbasification to provide a second mixture comprising the free basegenerated in situ, heating if required to obtain dissolution and todistill off water, cooling to appropriate temperature, providing seedcrystals of compound 1 free base (Form A), followed by crystallizationto provide the free base of compound 1 having a large primary particlesize

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method of making the largeparticle size free base of6-acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-(5-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one(Form A), comprising: (a) suspending4-{6-[6-(1-butoxyl-vinyl)-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-7-oxo-7,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-ylamino]-pyridin-3-yl}-piperazine-1-carboxylicacid tert-butyl ester in a mixture of water and a first solvent andheating to achieve dissolution; (b) addition of acid and reaction toproduce the acid addition salt of6-acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-(5-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]-pyrimidin-7-onein situ; (c) addition of a second solvent and aqueous base to a pH of≧10; (d) separation of the organic layer and heating to distill offwater; (e) cooling to an appropriate temperature and providing seedcrystals of6-acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-(5-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-onefree base (Form A); (f) gradually cooling the mixture to achievecrystallization; and (g) isolating the free base of6-acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-(5-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one(Form A) having large particle size.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of making thelarge particle size free base of6-acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-(5-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one(Form A), comprising: (a) suspending4-{6-[6-(1-butoxyl-vinyl)-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-7-oxo-7,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-ylamino]-pyridin-3-yl}-piperazine-1-carboxylicacid tert-butyl ester in a mixture of water and n-butanol and heating toabout 70° C. to achieve dissolution; (b) addition of concentrated HCland heating at about 70° C. for 4-6 hrs; (c) addition of anisole andaqueous NaOH to achieve a biphasic mixture having a pH of >10; (d)separation of the layers and heating the organic layer to about 120° C.to distill off water; (e) cooling to about 80° C. and providing seedcrystals of6-acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-(5-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-onefree base (Form A); (g) maintaining the mixture at about 80° C. forabout 3 hours and then gradually cooling to about 10° C. to achievecrystallization; and (g) filtering to isolate the free base of6-acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-(5-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one(Form A) having large particle size.

In some embodiments of each of the foregoing methods, the methodprovides the free base of compound 1 having a specific surface area of≦2 m²/g. In other embodiments of each of the foregoing methods, themethod provides the free base of compound 1 having a specific surfacearea of ≦1 m²/g. In other embodiments of each of the foregoing methods,the method provides the free base of compound 1 having a primaryparticle size of from about 5 μm to about 150 μm, preferably from about10 μm to about 100 μm, and more preferably from about 15 μm to about 80μm. In other embodiments of each of the foregoing methods, the methodprovides the free base of compound 1 having a primary particle sizedistribution characterized by: (i) a D10 value of from about 5 μm toabout 10 μm; (ii) a D90 value of from about 30 μm to about 125 μm; or(iii) a D50 value of from about 10 μm to about 45 μm; or a combinationof (i), (ii) and (iii). In further embodiments of each of the foregoingmethods, the method provides the free base of compound 1 having aprimary particle size distribution ratio of (D90-D10)/D50 of from about2 to about 3. In further embodiments of each of the foregoing methods,the method provides the free base of compound 1 having a volume meandiameter (D[4,3]) of from about 15 μm to about 125 μm.

In another aspect, the invention provides the free base of compound 1,as described herein, prepared according to one of these methods. In someembodiments, the invention provides the crystalline free base of6-acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-(5-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one(Form A), prepared according to any of the methods described herein. Insome such embodiments, the free base prepared by the methods describedherein may be characterized by its SSA, PSA, or surface energy, or acombination of these methods, alone or in further combination with PXRDor ssNMR. In some such embodiments, the crystalline free base has aresidual solvent content of between 0.05-0.25 wt % anisole and/orbetween 0.05-0.25 wt % n-butanol. In other such embodiments, thecrystalline free base has a residual solvent content of ≦0.5 wt %anisole and ≦0.5 wt % n-butanol, and preferably ≦0.25 wt % anisole and≦0.25 wt % n-butanol.

In each of the above methods, the first solvent is an alcohol and thesecond solvent is an aromatic solvent. Suitable alcohols include, butare not limited to, relatively high boiling alcohols such as n-butanol,t-butanol, n-propanol, pentanol, 1,4-butanediol or propylene glycol, andthe like. Suitable aromatic solvents include, but are not limited to,anisole, mesitylene, m-xylene, chlorobenzene, pyridine, and the like.

In some such embodiments, the solvent mixture comprises 10% alcohol, 15%alcohol, 20% alcohol, 25% alcohol, 30% alcohol, 35% alcohol, 40%alcohol, 45% alcohol, 50% alcohol, 60% alcohol, 70% alcohol, or >70%alcohol, with the balance being the aromatic solvent. In other suchembodiments, the solvent mixture comprises 90% aromatic, 85% aromatic,80% aromatic, 75% aromatic, 70% aromatic, 65% aromatic, 60% aromatic,55% aromatic, 50% aromatic, 40% aromatic, 30% aromatic, or <30%aromatic, with the balance being the alcohol solvent.

In one preferred embodiment, the first solvent is n-butanol. In anotherpreferred embodiment, the second solvent is anisole. In a particularlypreferred embodiment, the first solvent is n-butanol and the secondsolvent is anisole. In some such embodiments, the solvent mixturecomprises 10% n-butanol/anisole, 15% n-butanol/anisole, 20%n-butanol/anisole, 25% n-butanol/anisole, 30% n-butanol/anisole, 35%n-butanol/anisole, 40% n-butanol/anisole, 45% n-butanol/anisole, 50%n-butanol/anisole, 60% n-butanol/anisole, 70% n-butanol/anisole, or >70%n-butanol/anisole. In some preferred embodiments, the solvent mixturecomprises from about 20 to about 50% n-butanol/anisole. In aparticularly preferred embodiment, the solvent mixture comprises about40% n-butanol/anisole.

To improve yields, the methods may include heating or cooling totemperatures above or below room temperature. Frequently, the reactionmixtures may be heated to temperatures ranging from about 30° C. toabout 150° C., and more frequently from about 50° C. to about 120° C. toachieve dissolution. During crystallization, it may be desirable to coolthe reaction mixture to a temperature that is at or below roomtemperature, for example between about 0° C. and about 30° C.,preferably to about 5° C., about 10° C., about 15° C., or about 20° C.

In additional embodiments, the free base of compound 1 is polymorph FormA having a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising a peak atdiffraction angle (2θ) of 10.1±0.2. In other embodiments, thecrystalline form has a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaksat diffraction angles (2θ) of 10.1±0.2 and 22.5±0.2. In furtherembodiments of this aspect, the crystalline form has a powder X-raydiffraction pattern comprising peaks at diffraction angles (2θ) of5.1±0.2, 10.1±0.2, and 22.5±0.2. In further embodiments, the crystallineform has a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks atdiffraction angles (2θ) of 5.1±0.2, 10.1±0.2, 19.7±0.2, and 22.5±0.2. Instill other embodiments, the crystalline form has a powder X-raydiffraction pattern comprising peaks at diffraction angles (2θ) of5.1±0.2, 10.1±0.2, 17.1±0.2, 19.7±0.2, and 22.5±0.2. In additionalembodiments, the crystalline form has a powder X-ray diffraction patterncomprising peaks at diffraction angles (2θ) of 5.1±0.2, 10.1±0.2,11.5±0.2, 17.1±0.2, 19.7±0.2, and 22.5±0.2. In yet other embodiments,the crystalline form has a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprisingpeaks at diffraction angles (2θ) of 5.1±0.2, 10.1±0.2, 11.5±0.2,17.1±0.2, 18.7±0.2, 19.7±0.2, and 22.5±0.2. In some embodiments of thisaspect, the crystalline form has a powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD)pattern comprising peaks at diffraction angles (2θ) essentially the sameas shown in FIG. 1.

The powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern of free base polymorph FormA is shown in FIG. 1 and the corresponding data is tabulated in Table 1.

TABLE 1 PXRD data for polymorph Form A of compound 1. 2θ (°) ± 0.2 PeakIntensity (%) 5.1 63 8.0 18 10.1 100 10.3 70 11.5 42 14.0 20 15.1 1416.0 16 17.1 47 18.7 33 19.7 51 20.2 30 21.2 22 22.5 87 23.0 31

The solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) for crystalline freebase Form A of compound 1 is shown in FIG. 2 and the corresponding datais tabulated in Table 2.

TABLE 2 ¹³C chemical shifts in parts per million for polymorph Form A ofcompound 1. ¹³C Chemical Shifts [ppm]^(a) ± 0.2 12.50 25.40 26.54 29.0432.03 46.15 51.01 55.66 107.34 112.44 125.94 131.14 140.15 143.15 144.85156.32 157.35 158.06 161.88 201.94 ^(a)Referenced to external sample ofsolid phase adamantane at 29.5 ppm.

In another aspect, the invention provides a crystalline free base ofcompound 1, wherein the crystalline free base is a polymorph Form B ofthe free base of compound 1. In some embodiments of this aspect, thecrystalline form has a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising apeak at diffraction angle (2θ) of 6.0±0.2. In other embodiments of thisaspect, the crystalline form has a powder X-ray diffraction patterncomprising peaks at diffraction angles (2θ) of 6.0±0.2 and 19.8±0.2. Infurther embodiments of this aspect, the crystalline form has a powderX-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks at diffraction angles (2θ) of6.0±0.2, 19.8±0.2, and 26.7±0.2. In further embodiments, the crystallineform has a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks atdiffraction angles (2θ) of 6.0±0.2, 16.4±0.2, 19.8±0.2, and 26.7±0.2. Instill other embodiments, the crystalline form has a powder X-raydiffraction pattern comprising peaks at diffraction angles (2θ) of6.0±0.2, 12.8±0.2, 16.4±0.2, 19.8±0.2, and 26.7±0.2. In additionalembodiments, the crystalline form has a powder X-ray diffraction patterncomprising peaks at diffraction angles (2θ) of 6.0±0.2, 12.8±0.2,16.4±0.2, 19.8±0.2, 22.6±0.2, and 26.7±0.2. In yet other embodiments,the crystalline form has a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprisingpeaks at diffraction angles (2θ) of 6.0±0.2, 10.9±0.2, 12.8±0.2,16.4±0.2, 19.8±0.2, 22.6±0.2, and 26.7±0.2. In some embodiments of thisaspect, the crystalline form has a PXRD pattern comprising peaks atdiffraction angles (2θ) essentially the same as shown in FIG. 3. Thepowder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern of free base polymorph Form B isshown in FIG. 3 and the corresponding data is tabulated in Table 3.

TABLE 3 PXRD data for polymorph Form B of compound 1. 2θ (°) ± 0.2 PeakIntensity (%) 6.0 100 10.9 39 12.8 40 16.4 41 19.8 50 18.1 24 12.1 2322.6 40 26.7 48 28.2 20

The solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) for crystalline freebase Form B of6-acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-(5-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-oneis shown in FIG. 4, with corresponding tabulated data shown in Table 4.

TABLE 4 ¹³C chemical shifts in parts per million for polymorph Form B ofcompound 1. ¹³C Chemical Shifts [ppm]^(a) ± 0.2 13.06 27.10 28.04 30.2346.90^(b) 52.32^(b) 54.63 107.28 113.35 125.67 127.04 140.40 145.21146.37 147.34 155.57 157.59 159.18 161.29 201.35 ^(a)Referenced toexternal sample of solid phase adamantane at 29.5 ppm. ^(b)Broad peak

For each powder X-ray diffraction measurement, a sample of a free basewas placed into a cavity located on a planar surface of the holder, anda glass slide was used to level the surface of the sample. The holder,which contains the sample, was placed in the diffractometer, and thesource of the X-ray beam irradiated the sample, initially at a smallangle relative to the planar surface of the holder. The X-ray beam wassubsequently moved through an arc in a step-wise manner, whichsuccessively increased the angle between the incident beam and theplanar surface of the holder. At each step of the scan, thescintillation counter detected the amount of diffracted radiation, whichwas recorded as a function of 2θ (°). The instrument software displaysthe diffracted radiation results of the scan as intensity versus 2θ (°).

Tables 1 and 3 list significant PXRD peaks (i.e., those exhibiting peakheight to noise ratio greater than 3.5) for the free base of compound 1having polymorph Form A or Form B, respectively. The list ofcharacteristic peaks provided is not the only possible list ofcharacteristic peaks. Persons of ordinary skill in the art of polymorphidentification may choose other sets of characteristic peaks that willalso distinguish one polymorph from another.

Differences in PXRD patterns among separate measurements of the samepolymorph may arise for many reasons. Sources of error includevariations in sample preparation (e.g. sample height), instrumenterrors, calibration errors, and operator errors (including errors indetermining peak locations). Preferential orientation, i.e., a lack ofrandom orientation of crystals in the PXRD sample, can result insignificant differences in relative peak heights. Calibration errors andsample height errors often result in a shift of all of the peaks of thediffractogram in the same direction and by the same amount. Smalldifferences in sample height on a flat holder may lead to largedisplacements in PXRD peak positions. For a systematic study showingthat sample height differences of 1 mm may lead to peak shifts as highas 1° 2θ, see Chen et al., J. Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis(2001) 26:63.

In many instances, peak shifts among diffraction patterns resulting fromsystematic error can be eliminated by compensating for the shift (e.g.,applying a correction factor to all peak position values) or byrecalibrating the diffractometer. Generally, the same techniques can beused to compensate for differences among diffractometers so that PXRDpeak positions obtained from two different instruments can be broughtinto agreement. Furthermore, when these techniques are applied to PXRDmeasurements from the same or different diffractometers, the peakpositions for a particular polymorph will usually agree to within about±0.2° 2θ.

The disclosed compounds embrace all pharmaceutically acceptable isotopicvariations. An isotopic variation is a compound in which at least oneatom is replaced by an atom having the same atomic number, but an atomicmass different from the atomic mass usually found in nature. Usefulisotopes include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen,phosphorus, sulfur, fluorine, and chlorine. Exemplary isotopes thusinclude, without limitation, ²H, ³H, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁷O, ¹⁸O, ³²P, ³⁵S,¹⁸F, and ³⁶Cl.

Substitution of the disclosed compounds with isotopes such as deuterium,i.e. ²H, may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting fromgreater metabolic stability, for example, increased in vivo half-life orreduced dosage requirements, and hence may be more useful in somecircumstances. In addition, certain isotopic variations, for example,those incorporating a radioactive isotope, are useful in drug and/orsubstrate tissue distribution studies. The radioactive isotopes tritium,i.e. ³H, and carbon-14, i.e. ¹⁴C, are particularly useful for thispurpose in view of their ease of incorporation and ready means ofdetection.

Isotopic variations of the disclosed compounds can generally be preparedby conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art or byprocesses analogous to those described in the accompanying Examplesusing appropriate isotopic variations of suitable reagents.Pharmaceutically acceptable solvates of the disclosed compounds includethose in which the solvent of crystallization may be isotopicallysubstituted, e.g. D₂O, d₆-acetone, d₆-DMSO.

Solubility Experiments

U.S. Pat. No. 7,345,171 reported that the free base of compound 1,prepared by a traditional salt break procedure, had poor watersolubility (9 μg/mL) at pH 7.9 and exhibited low bioavailability inanimal studies. The free base was reported to be in its most stablecrystal phase according to slurry experiments (i.e., Form A). FIG. 17 ofU.S. Pat. No. 7,345,171 provided the water adsorption/desorptionisotherms for the free base of Form A. As noted previously, thismaterial corresponds to the small particle size free base of compound 1described herein.

The free base of compound 1 (Form A) has a high propensity for punchsticking in the drug particle manufacturing process. As punch stickingis related to API surface area, API particle size control is criticalfor minimizing sticking during drug product manufacturing. In additionto issues with punch sticking, compound 1 free base isolated directlyfrom a standard salt break process was found to be highly static proneand found to form large (approximately 500 microns) hard agglomeratesthat were not dispersed by sieving. Free base API with similarly poorphysical properties was produced by free basing of the existingisethionate salt API or by neutralization of the in situ salt formed inthe final step of the API synthesis. In either process, small APIprimary particles were produced due to the rapid crystallization causedby the dramatic change in solubility with adjustment of the pH. In allcases the free base was isolated as the more stable polymorph of Form A.

FIG. 6 shows a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of typical smallprimary particles formed by the free basing and neutralizationexperiments described above. The particle size distribution measurementfor a batch of compound 1 (Form A) produced by this free base isolationprocess is provided in FIG. 8. The second mode in the particle sizedistribution was caused by the presence of large agglomerates, which arealso seen in the SEM image in FIG. 6. Attempts to modify the free basingprocess were not successful in improving the physical properties of theAPI produced. As the process for producing free base resulted in theisolation of API with poor physical properties, work was undertaken toidentify a recrystallization process that could improve the API physicalproperties.

Early crystallization screening experiments for compound 1 free basewere completed to identify a solvent system that allows for theisolation of particles with improved physical properties. A combinationof solubility screening and small-scale recrystallization studiesexamined multiple potential solvent systems.

Small-Scale Crystallization Studies

A series of small-scale crystallization experiments was run to identifya potential recrystallization solvent system as well as to assess theimpact of solvent on the shape of the free base primary particlesisolated. An initial set of 14 screening studies were run on a 10 mgscale using sealed vials and an external heat source to warm the 50mg/mL samples up to reflux temperature. Visual observation identifiedthe samples that went into solution, and photomicroscopy was used tocharacterize the particles produced. The results of these initialcrystallization screening experiments are summarized in Table 5.

TABLE 5 Summary of results from preliminary small scale crystallizationstudies Solvent System Results of recrystallization Cyclopentylmethylether did not dissolve n-Butyl Acetate did not dissolve n-Butanol didnot dissolve Trifluorotoluene did not dissolve Toluene did not dissolveChlorobenzene small irregular shaped particles DMF small needle shapedparticles NMP small irregular shaped particles Propylene glycol smallirregular shaped particles Anisole large particles (lathes or tomahawkshape) Pyridine small lathe shaped particles Sulfolane small irregularshaped particles m-Xylene small/medium tomahawk shaped particlesMesitylene small needle shaped particles

Based on these small-scale crystallization studies, anisole became thefocus of additional crystallization and solubility studies as theparticles produced were large and as anisole is an ICH Class IIIsolvent. This screening study also identified pyridine, m-xylene, andmesitylene as potential solvent systems based on the particles produced,although none of these solvents also have the ICH class III listingsimilar to anisole.

The following solvents have also been used for recrystallization of thesolid: isopropanol, isobutanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, toluene,tetrahydrofuran, and dioxane. Each of the solvents generated thepolymorph Form A crystalline solid of compound 1 which was the same asthe original crystalline form obtained from dichloromethane.

Solubility Studies:

In parallel with the initial small-scale crystallization studies, aseries of solubility studies were conducted on the free base of compound1 to identify a possible recrystallization system. In an initial roomtemperature solubility screening study, a total of 23 solvents werescreened. This study indicated that the compound 1 free-base has lowsolubility in a range of organic solvents, with only methylene chloridedisplaying a solubility greater than 1 mg/mL (3.0 mg/mL). Subsequenttargeted higher temperature solubility studies were conducted. In afollow-up study, a set of 16 solvent systems were examined at a fixedconcentration of 25 mg/mL, and the dissolution temperature was measuredusing a kinetic solubility method up to a maximum temperature of 110° C.

Synergistic solubility behavior predicted by a COSMOtherm solubilitymodel of compound 1 was used to select the binary and ternary solventsystems included in this screening study. The results of these studiesare listed in Table 6. For experiments listed as >110° C. in the table,compound 1 did not dissolve in the solvent upon heating to 110° C.,indicating that the solubility is less than 25 mg/mL at 110° C. in thissolvent.

TABLE 6 Kinetic solubility measurements for 25 mg/mL compound 1 freebase solutions Dissolution Temp. Experiment # Solvent (° C.) 1n-BuOH >110° C. 2 DMF >110° C. 3 NMP 97.9 4 DMSO >110° C. 5 DMAc >110°C. 6 n-Butyl acetate >110° C. 7 Anisole >110° C. 8 10% n-BuOH/Anisole(v/v) >110° C. 9 20% n-BuOH/Anisole (v/v) 109.7 10 40% n-BuOH/Anisole(v/v) 101.4 11 10% n-BuOH/NMP (v/v) 103.7 12 25% n-BuOH/NMP (v/v) >110°C. 13 10% 1,4-butanediol/anisole (v/v) 109.8 14 25%1,4-butanediol/anisole (v/v) 104.8 15 1:1:8 propylene glycol/n- 91.2BuOH/anisole (v/v) 16 2:1:7 propylene glycol/n- 84.1 BuOH/anisole (v/v)

Subsequent UPLC/MS testing of the saturated solution from experiments #3and #11 in Table 6 indicated the presence of a previously unseenimpurity peak, indicating that degradation occurred in theseexperiments.

Although the propylene glycol/n-BuOH/anisole mixtures showed improvedsolubility as compared to the n-BuOH/anisole mixtures, the formersolvent system was not pursued because of the potential challenges ofworking with propylene glycol due to its high viscosity and boilingpoint which may cause issues on-scale.

Based on these screening studies, a mixture of 40% n-butanol and anisolewas selected as the crystallization solvent system for further work, inview of the relatively high solubility, chemical stability of the API,and particle properties of the recrystallized compound 1 API. Thissolvent system was used in subsequent production to provide largerprimary particle size API that had reduced sticking, was not staticprone, and was free of agglomerates.

Using this solvent mixture, compound 1 was dissolved with 40 mL/g ofsolvent (concentration of 25 mg/mL) by heating to 95-100° C., beforebeing crystallized using a controlled cooling profile and seeding toinduce nucleation. FIG. 9 is a PLM image of a lab-scale lot of compound1 recrystallized using this recrystallization procedure, while FIG. 7displays a particle size distribution for three lots of recrystallizedAPI. This recrystallization process results in the isolation of compound1 API particles with a larger primary particle size, which leads to adecrease in the sticking tendency in the drug product manufacturingprocess. This recrystallized compound 1 API does not form agglomeratesand also has the positive attribute of not being static prone.

The combination of solubility screening and small-scalerecrystallization studies examined multiple potential solvent systemsfor the recrystallization of compound 1 free base. Based on the resultsfrom these screening studies, a mixture of 40% n-butanol/anisole wasselected as the preferred crystallization solvent system based on therelatively high solubility, chemical stability of the API, and particleproperties of the recrystallized compound 1. The larger particle sizeand improved particle properties of the API isolated from thisrecrystallization process facilitated the development of a drug productmanufacturing process for compound 1 free base.

Particle Size Assessment

Particle sizes for the recrystallized materials were assessed usinglaser diffraction methods. Laser diffraction is recognized by standardsand guidance agencies including ISO and ASTM and is widely used todetermine particle size distributions. In conducting the assessment, thesample is passed through a laser beam which results in laser lightscattered at a range of angles. Detectors placed at fixed angles measurethe intensity of light scattered at that position. A mathematical model(Mie or Fraunhoffer Theory) is then applied to generate a particle sizedistribution.

The particle size was analyzed using the laser diffraction (or smallangle light scattering) technique by dispersing the dry sample powderwith compressed air. Specifically, the particle size distribution wasanalyzed using the Sympatec HELOS RODOS system equipped with a Vibri drypowder feeder. The powder sample was dispersed with a dispersionpressure of 0.5 bar. In some instances, an Aspiros micro-dosing devicewas used, and the powder sample was dispersed with a dispersion pressureof 0.2 bar. A suitable lens was selected to cover the particle sizerange of each sample.

In particle size determinations, the median value is defined as thevalue where half of the population resides above this point, and halfresides below this point. For particle size distributions the median iscalled the D50. The D50 is the size in microns that splits thedistribution with half above and half below this diameter. Theexpression Dv50 or D[v,0.5] is sometimes used for the median of a volumedistribution.

The mode is the peak of a frequency distribution. A particledistribution may include more than one mode, e.g., where the particlesexist as primary particles and agglomerations.

The span is sometimes used as a measurement of distribution width, andis defined as the ratio of (D[v,0.9]-D[v,0.1])/D[v,0.5] or(D90-D10)/D50.

The distribution width may also be characterized by citing one, two orpreferably three values on the x-axis, typically some combination of theD10, D50, and D90. The D50, the median, has been defined above as thediameter where half of the population lies below this value. Similarly,90 percent of the distribution lies below the D90, and 10 percent of thepopulation lies below the D10.

The term D[4,3] refers to the volume mean or mass moment mean. Laserdiffraction results are reported on a volume basis and the volume meancan be used to define the central point of the distribution. The D[4,3]value is sensitive to the presence of large particles in thedistribution.

Formulation

The present invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositionscomprising the free base polymorph Form A of compound 1 describedherein. Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may, forexample, be in a form suitable for oral administration as a tablet,capsule, pill, powder, sustained release formulations, solution,suspension, for parenteral injection as a sterile solution, suspensionor emulsion, for topical administration as an ointment or cream or forrectal administration as a suppository. The pharmaceutical compositionmay be in unit dosage forms suitable for single administration ofprecise dosages. The pharmaceutical composition will include aconventional pharmaceutical carrier or excipient and a compoundaccording to the invention as an active ingredient. In addition, it mayinclude other medicinal or pharmaceutical agents, carriers, adjuvants,etc.

Suitable pharmaceutical carriers include inert diluents or fillers,water and various organic solvents. The pharmaceutical compositions may,if desired, contain additional ingredients such as flavorings, binders,excipients and the like. Thus for oral administration, tabletscontaining various excipients, such as citric acid may be employedtogether with various disintegrants such as starch, alginic acid andcertain complex silicates and with binding agents such as sucrose,gelatin and acacia. Additionally, lubricating agents such as magnesiumstearate, sodium lauryl sulfate and talc are often useful for tabletingpurposes. Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed insoft and hard filled gelatin capsules. Preferred materials includelactose or milk sugar and high molecular weight polyethylene glycols.When aqueous suspensions or elixirs are desired for oral administrationthe active compound therein may be combined with various sweetening orflavoring agents, coloring matters or dyes and, if desired, emulsifyingagents or suspending agents, together with diluents such as water,ethanol, propylene glycol, glycerin, or combinations thereof.

Methods of preparing various pharmaceutical compositions with a specificamount of active compound are known, or will be apparent, to thoseskilled in this art. For examples, see Remington's PharmaceuticalSciences, Mack Publishing Company, Easter, Pa., 15th Edition (1975).

The disclosed compound may be administered alone or in combination withother drugs and will generally be administered as a formulation inassociation with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. Theterm “excipient” describes any ingredient other than compound 1 and itssalts. The choice of excipient will to a large extent depend on theparticular mode of administration.

The disclosed compounds may be administered orally. Oral administrationmay involve swallowing, so that the compound enters the gastrointestinaltract, or buccal or sublingual administration may be employed by whichthe compound enters the blood stream directly from the mouth.

Formulations suitable for oral administration include solid formulationssuch as tablets, capsules containing particulates, liquids, or powders,lozenges (including liquid-filled), chews, multi- and nano-particulates,gels, solid solution, liposome, films (including muco-adhesive), ovules,sprays and liquid formulations. Liquid formulations include suspensions,solutions, syrups and elixirs. Such formulations may be employed asfillers in soft or hard capsules and typically comprise a carrier, forexample, water, EtOH, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol,methylcellulose, or a suitable oil, and one or more emulsifying agentsand/or suspending agents. Liquid formulations may also be prepared bythe reconstitution of a solid, for example, from a sachet.

The disclosed compounds may also be used in fast-dissolving,fast-disintegrating dosage forms such as those described in Liang andChen, Expert Opinion in Therapeutic Patents (2001) 11(6):981-986.

For tablet dosage forms, depending on dose, the drug may make up from 1wt % to 80 wt % of the dosage form, more typically from 5 wt % to 60 wt% of the dosage form. In addition to the drug, tablets generally containa disintegrant. Examples of disintegrants include sodium starchglycolate, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, calcium carboxymethylcellulose, croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone, polyvinylpyrrolidone,methylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, lower alkyl-substitutedhydroxypropyl cellulose, starch, pregelatinized starch, and sodiumalginate. Generally, the disintegrant will comprise from 1 wt % to 25 wt%, preferably from 5 wt % to 20 wt % of the dosage form.

Binders are generally used to impart cohesive qualities to a tabletformulation. Suitable binders include microcrystalline cellulose,gelatin, sugars, polyethylene glycol, natural and synthetic gums,polyvinylpyrrolidone, pregelatinized starch, hydroxypropyl cellulose,and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. Tablets may also contain diluents,such as lactose (monohydrate, spray-dried monohydrate, anhydrous and thelike), mannitol, xylitol, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, microcrystallinecellulose, starch, and dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate.

Tablets may also optionally include surface-active agents, such assodium lauryl sulfate and polysorbate 80, and glidants such as silicondioxide and talc. When present, surface-active agents may comprise from0.2 wt % to 5 wt % of the tablet, and glidants may comprise from 0.2 wt% to 1 wt % of the tablet.

Tablets also generally contain lubricants such as magnesium stearate,calcium stearate, zinc stearate, sodium stearyl fumarate, and mixturesof magnesium stearate with sodium lauryl sulfate. Lubricants generallycomprise from 0.25 wt % to 10 wt %, preferably from 0.5 wt % to 3 wt %of the tablet. Other ingredients may include preservatives,anti-oxidants, flavors, and colorants.

Tablet blends may be directly compressed to form tablets. Tablet blendsor portions of blends may alternatively be wet-, dry-, ormelt-granulated, melt congealed, or extruded before tabletting. Thefinal formulation may comprise one or more layers and may be coated oruncoated. Exemplary tablets contain up to about 80% drug, from about 10wt % to about 90 wt % binder, from about 0 wt % to about 85 wt %diluent, from about 2 wt % to about 10 wt % disintegrant, and from about0.25 wt % to about 10 wt % lubricant. For additional details concerningthe formulation of tablets, see H. Lieberman and L. Lachman,Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Tablets, Vol. 1 (1980).

Solid formulations for oral administration may be formulated to beimmediate and/or modified release. Modified release formulations includedelayed-, sustained-, pulsed-, controlled-, targeted-, andprogrammed-release. For a general description of suitable modifiedrelease formulations, see U.S. Pat. No. 6,106,864. For details of otheruseful release technologies, such as high energy dispersions and osmoticand coated particles, see Verma et al, Pharmaceutical Technology On-line(2001) 25(2):1-14. For a discussion of the use of chewing gum to achievecontrolled release, see WO 00/35298.

The disclosed compounds may also be administered directly into the bloodstream, into muscle, or into an internal organ. Suitable means forparenteral administration include intravenous, intra-arterial,intraperitoneal, intrathecal, intraventricular, intraurethral,intrasternal, intracranial, intramuscular, and subcutaneous. Suitabledevices for parenteral administration include needle (includingmicro-needle) injectors, needle-free injectors and infusion techniques.

Parenteral formulations are typically aqueous solutions which maycontain excipients such as salts, carbohydrates, and buffering agents(preferably to a pH of from 3 to 9), but for some applications, they maybe more suitably formulated as a sterile non-aqueous solution or as adried form to be used in conjunction with a suitable vehicle such assterile, pyrogen-free water. The preparation of parenteral formulationsunder sterile conditions, for example, by lyophilization, may readily beaccomplished using standard pharmaceutical techniques well known tothose skilled in the art. Exemplary parenteral administration formsinclude solutions or suspensions of active compounds in sterile aqueoussolutions, for example, aqueous propylene glycol or dextrose solutions.Such dosage forms can be suitably buffered, if desired.

The solubility of the disclosed compounds used in the preparation ofparenteral solutions may be increased by the use of appropriateformulation techniques, such as the incorporation ofsolubility-enhancing agents. Formulations for parenteral administrationmay be formulated to be immediate and/or modified release as describedabove. Thus the disclosed compounds may be formulated in a more solidform for administration as an implanted depot providing long-termrelease of the active compound.

The compounds of the invention may also be administered topically to theskin or mucosa, either dermally or transdermally. Typical formulationsfor this purpose include gels, hydrogels, lotions, solutions, creams,ointments, dusting powders, dressings, foams, films, skin patches,wafers, implants, sponges, fibers, bandages, and microemulsions.Liposomes may also be used. Typical carriers include alcohol, water,mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum, glycerin, polyethyleneglycol and propylene glycol. Topical formulations may also includepenetration enhancers. See, for example, Finnin and Morgan, J Pharm Sci(1999) 88(10):955-958.

Other means of topical administration include delivery by iontophoresis,electroporation, phonophoresis, sonophoresis and needle-free (e.g.POWDERJECT) or micro-needle injection. Formulations for topicaladministration may be formulated to be immediate and/or modified releaseas described above.

The disclosed compounds can also be administered intranasally or byinhalation, typically in the form of a dry powder (either alone, as amixture, for example, in a dry blend with lactose, or as a mixedcomponent particle, for example, mixed with phospholipids) from a drypowder inhaler or as an aerosol spray from a pressurized container,pump, spray, atomizer (preferably an atomizer using electrohydrodynamicsto produce a fine mist), or nebulizer, with or without the use of asuitable propellant, such as dichlorofluoromethane. The pressurizedcontainer, pump, spray, atomizer, or nebulizer contains a solution orsuspension, which comprises the active compound, an agent fordispersing, solubilizing, or extending release of the active compound(e.g., EtOH or aqueous EtOH), one or more solvents, which serve as apropellant, and an optional surfactant, such as sorbitan trioleate or anoligolactic acid.

Prior to use in a dry powder or suspension formulation, the drug productis micronized to a size suitable for delivery by inhalation (typicallyless than 5 microns). This may be achieved by any appropriatecomminuting method, such as spiral jet milling, fluid bed jet milling,supercritical fluid processing to form nanoparticles, high pressurehomogenization, or spray drying.

Capsules, blisters and cartridges (made, for example, from gelatin orhydroxypropylmethyl cellulose) for use in an inhaler or insufflator maybe formulated to contain a powder mix of the active compound, a suitablepowder base such as lactose or starch, and a performance modifier suchas L-leucine, mannitol, or magnesium stearate. The lactose may beanhydrous or, preferably, monohydrated. Other suitable excipientsinclude dextran, glucose, maltose, sorbitol, xylitol, fructose, sucroseand trehalose.

A suitable solution formulation for use in an atomizer usingelectrohydrodynamics to produce a fine mist may contain from 1 μg to 20mg of the compound of the invention per actuation and the actuationvolume may vary from 1 μl to 100 μl. A typical formulation may comprisecompound 1, propylene glycol, sterile water, EtOH, and NaCl. Alternativesolvents, which may be used instead of propylene glycol, includeglycerol and polyethylene glycol.

Formulations for inhaled/intranasal administration may be formulated tobe immediate and/or modified release using, for example,poly(DL-lactic-coglycolic acid (PGLA). Suitable flavors, such as mentholand levomenthol, or sweeteners, such as saccharin or saccharin sodium,may be added to formulations intended for inhaled/intranasaladministration.

In the case of dry powder inhalers and aerosols, the dosage unit isdetermined by means of a valve that delivers a metered amount. Units inaccordance with the invention are typically arranged to administer ametered dose or “puff” containing from 100 to 1000 μg of the activepharmaceutical ingredient. The overall daily dose will typically be inthe range 100 μg to 10 mg which may be administered in a single dose or,more usually, as divided doses throughout the day.

The active compounds may be administered rectally or vaginally, forexample, in the form of a suppository, pessary, or enema. Cocoa butteris a traditional suppository base, but various alternatives may be usedas appropriate. Formulations for rectal/vaginal administration may beformulated to be immediate and/or modified release as described above.

The disclosed compounds may also be administered directly to the eye orear, typically in the form of drops of a micronized suspension orsolution in isotonic, pH-adjusted, sterile saline. Other formulationssuitable for ocular and aural administration include ointments,biodegradable (e.g. absorbable gel sponges, collagen) andnon-biodegradable (e.g. silicone) implants, wafers, lenses andparticulate or vesicular systems, such as niosomes or liposomes. Apolymer such as crossed-linked polyacrylic acid, polyvinylalcohol,hyaluronic acid, a cellulosic polymer (e.g.,hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, or methylcellulose), or a heteropolysaccharide polymer (e.g., gelan gum), may beincorporated together with a preservative, such as benzalkoniumchloride. Such formulations may also be delivered by iontophoresis.Formulations for ocular/andial administration may be formulated to beimmediate and/or modified release as described above.

The disclosed compounds may be combined with soluble macromolecularentities such as cyclodextrin or polyethylene glycol-containing polymersto improve their solubility, dissolution rate, taste masking,bioavailability and/or stability. Drug-cyclodextrin complexes, forexample, are found to be generally useful for most dosage forms andadministration routes. Both inclusion and non-inclusion-complexes may beused. As an alternative to direct complexation with the drug, thecyclodextrin may be used as an auxiliary additive, i.e. as a carrier,diluent, or solubilizer. Alpha-, beta- and gamma-cyclodextrins arecommonly used for these purposes.

See, for example, International Patent Applications WO 91/11172, WO94/02518, and WO 98/55148.

The therapeutically effective dose of compound 1 will vary fromapproximately 0.01 mg/kg to approximately 100 mg/kg of body weight perday. Typical adult doses will be approximately 0.1 mg to approximately3000 mg per day. The quantity of active component in a unit dosepreparation may be varied or adjusted from approximately 0.1 mg toapproximately 500 mg, preferably from about 0.6 mg to 100 mg accordingto the particular application and the potency of the active component.The composition can, if desired, also contain other compatibletherapeutic agents. A subject in need of treatment is administered adosage of about 0.6 to about 500 mg per day, either singly or inmultiple doses over a 24-hour period. Such treatment may be repeated atsuccessive intervals for as long as necessary.

Disorders or conditions caused by abnormal cell proliferation includecancer and vascular smooth muscle proliferation associated withatherosclerosis, post-surgical vascular stenosis and restenosis, andendometriosis. Autoimmune diseases include psoriasis, inflammation-likerheumatoid arthritis, lupus, type 1 diabetes, diabetic nephropathy,multiple sclerosis, glomerulonephritis, and organ transplant rejection,including host versus graft disease.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treatingabnormal cell growth in a mammal, including a human, in need of suchtreatment comprising, administering to said mammal a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a crystalline free base of compound 1 according tothe invention described herein. In frequent embodiments, the free baseis a polymorph of Form A.

In another embodiment, the abnormal cell growth is cancer, includingboth solid tumors and hematological malignancies. In some suchembodiments, the cancer is selected from breast cancer, ovarian cancer,cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, prostate cancer, testicular cancer,pancreatic cancer, esophageal cancer, head and neck cancer, gastriccancer, bladder cancer, lung cancer (e.g., adenocarcinoma, NSCLC andSCLC), bone cancer (e.g., osteosarcoma), colon cancer, rectal cancer,thyroid cancer, brain and central nervous system cancers, glioblastoma,neuroblastoma, neuroendocrine cancer, rhabdoid cancer, keratoacanthoma,epidermoid carcinoma, seminoma, melanoma, sarcoma (e.g., liposarcoma),bladder cancer, liver cancer (e.g., hepatocellular carcinoma), kidneycancer (e.g., renal cell carcinoma), myeloid disorders (e.g., AML, CML,myelodysplastic syndrome and promyelocytic leukemia), and lymphoiddisorders (e.g., leukemia, multiple myeloma, mantle cell lymphoma, ALL,CLL, B-cell lymphoma, T-cell lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin'slymphoma, hairy cell lymphoma).

General Synthetic Scheme

The examples and preparations provided below further illustrate andexemplify particular aspects of embodiments of the invention. It is tobe understood that the scope of the present invention is not limited inany way by the scope of the following examples.

EXAMPLES General Methods and Materials Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD)

PXRD data were collected according to the following protocol. A sample(2 mg) was placed on a microscopic slide with zero background. Thesample was then placed in a Discover D8 (Bruker AXS Instruments)equipped with a GADDS detector. The system used a copper X-ray sourcemaintained at 40 kV and 40 mA to provide CUα1 emission at 1.5406angstroms. Data were collected from 4 to 40° 2θ using a step scan of0.02° with a step time of 60.1 seconds. Diffraction peaks are typicallymeasured with an error of ±0.2 degrees (2θ).

SSNMR Instrumentation and Method

SSNMR data were collected according to the following protocol. Spectrawere collected on Bruker-Biospin 4 mm and 7 mm BL CPMAS probe positionedinto a wide-bore Bruker-Biospin Avance III 500 MHz NMR spectrometer. The4 mm rotors were oriented at the magic angle and spun at 15.0 kHz. The 7mm rotors were oriented at the magic angle and spun at 7.0 kHz. Allspectra were acquired at ambient conditions (temperature uncontrolled).

The ¹³C solid state spectra were collected using a proton decoupledcross-polarization magic angle spinning (CPMAS) experiment. Peakresonances are reported in parts-per-million (ppm)±0.2 ppm.

Differential Scanning Calorimetery (DSC):

DSC measurements, are carried out using a Q1000, Thermal AnalysisInstruments. A sample is placed in a hermetically sealed aluminum panwith a pinhole. A typical sample weight is 1.6 mg. The sample isequilibrated to 25° C. and then ramped to 250° C. at a scan rate of 10°C./min. Dry nitrogen is used as the purge gas.

Brunauer, Emmet and Teller (BET) Specific Surface Area (SSA)Measurement:

SSA measurements were collected according to the following protocol.Monolayer formation of gas molecules on the crystal surface was used todetermine the specific surface area of a dry powder of activepharmaceutical ingredient. The sample was made free of moisture andatmospheric vapours by applying heat and purging with nitrogen gas. Thesample temperature was then reduced to that of liquid nitrogen for theadsorbate gas (nitrogen) to be adsorbed. The quantity of adsorbed gasand pressure data were used to generate an adsorption isotherm plot. Thedata were then converted into specific surface area value using amathematical algorithm based on the so-called Brunauer, Emmett, andTeller (BET) theory (see, e.g., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1938, 60:309).Specific surface area was measured using a static multi-point orsingle-point gas adsorption method, as fully described in ISO 9277:2010and in the experimental below.

Inverse-Phase Gas Chromatography (IGC) Surface Energy Measurement:

Surface energy measurements were collected using IGC according to thefollowing protocol. A sufficient quantity of sample was packed into asilanised glass column with the powder mass secured within the column byglass wool plugs inserted at both ends. The column was conditioned byflowing a stream of dry nitrogen through the powder mass for sufficienttime for any surface adsorbates to be removed. Measurements were made byinjecting a series of alkane vapour probes (Nonane, Octane, Heptane andHexane) into the carrier gas stream at concentrations low enough toassume infinite dilution of the alkane vapour in the nitrogen stream andrecording the time taken for each vapour to elute through the column. Aplot of the retention time (corrected for the ‘dead volume’ ofinterstitial space within the packed column) versus a function of thecross sectional area and surface tension of the alkane vapour probemolecules used yielded a line with a slope indicative of the surfaceenergy of the solid powder under examination.

Synthetic Examples Example 1 Preparation of4-(6-amino-pyridin-3-yl)piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

Step A. Preparation of 4-(6-nitro-pyridin-3-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylicacid tert-butyl ester

To a vessel was added 5-bromo-2-nitropyridine (10.0 g, 1.0 equiv.) alongwith DMSO (25 mL, 2.5 vol). N-Boc piperazine (13.8 g, 1.5 equiv.) wasadded, followed by triethylamine (7.5 g, 1.5 equiv.) and LiCl (2.1 g,1.0 equiv.). The mixture was warmed to 60-65° C. for a minimum of 12hours.

Water (5 mL, 0.5 vol) was added slowly to the vessel at 60-65° C. Themixture was kept at 60-65° C. for one hour, then cooled to roomtemperature. The slurry was kept at 20-25° C. for 1 hour and thenfiltered onto a #2 Whatman™ paper filter. The cake was rinsed with water(50 mL, 5 vol.). The crude solids were collected and transferred back toa clean vessel.

Water (100 mL, 10 vol.) was added to the vessel containing the solidsand the mixture was warmed to 35-40° C. for 2 hours, then filtered whilewarm onto a #2 Whatman Paper™ filter. The solids were rinsed with water(40 mL, 4 vol.) and allowed to dry overnight in the vacuum oven at50-55° C. The 4-(6-nitro-pyridin-3-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylic acidtert-butyl ester was isolated as a yellow solid (14.1 g collected; ˜93%yield).

Step B. Preparation of 4-(6-amino-pyridin-3-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylicacid tert-butyl ester

To a vessel was added 4-(6-nitro-pyridin-3-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylicacid tert-butyl ester (12.0 g, 1.0 equiv.) along with ethyl acetate (48mL, 4.0 vol.). To the slurry was added 50% water wet 5% Pd/C (480 mg, 4%w/w) and the vessel was purged three times with nitrogen. The vessel waspurged three times with hydrogen and then pressurized to 50 psihydrogen. The mixture was heated to 42-47° C. and allowed to stir untilhydrogen uptake ceased (at least 8 hours).

The product mixture was filtered and washed with ethyl acetate (2×1.5mL). The combined filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to avolume of 6 mL (2 vol.). To the solution was added n-heptane (54 mL, 4.5vol.) and the mixture was distilled under reduced pressure to a volumeof 6 mL (2 vol.). To the solution was added n-heptane (54 mL, 4.5 vol.).The resulting thick slurry was cooled to 20-25° C. and allowed to stirfor 2 hours. The slurry was filtered and the filter cake washed withn-heptane (36 mL, 3 vol.). The solids were allowed to dry overnight in avacuum oven at 50-55° C. The4-(6-amino-pyridin-3-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl esterwas isolated as a pale orange solid (10.4 g collected; ˜96% yield). ¹HNMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 7.62 (dd, J=2.99, 0.60 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (dd,J=8.85, 2.99 Hz, 1H), 6.40 (dd, J=8.85, 0.60 Hz, 1H), 5.45 (bs, 2H),3.43 (m, 2H), 2.85 (m, 2H), 1.41 (s, 9H); ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ154.8, 153.8, 138.7, 136.8, 125.9, 108.3, 78.9, 50.5, 43.8, 43.0, 28.0;HRMS: Calcd for C₁₄H₂₃N₄O₂ (M+H)⁺: 279.18155. Found: 279.18173.

Example 2 Preparation of6-bromo-2-chloro-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one

Step A. Preparation of 5-bromo-2-chloro-6-cyclopentylamino-pyrimidine

To a vessel was added absolute ethanol (3000 mL, 3.0 vol) followed by5-bromo-2,4-dichloropyrimidine (mw 227.87; 1000 g, 1.0 equiv.).Triethylamine (612 mL, 1.0 equiv.) was added, and then cyclopentylamine(mw 85.15; 520 mL, 1.2 equiv.) was added slowly over 2 hours to controlthe mild exotherm. After completion of cyclopentylamine addition, thereaction was seeded with 5-bromo-2-chloro-6-cyclopentylamino-pyrimidine(5 g, 0.5 wt %) to induce crystallization, if needed. The reaction wasstirred at 25° C. for 2 hours.

Water (2500 mL, 2.5 vol) was added to the vessel at 20-25° C. at a rateof 30 mL/min. The mixture was cooled to 8-12° C. at 2° C./min. Theslurry was kept at 8-12° C. for 1 hour and then filtered onto a #2Whatman™ paper filter. The cake was rinsed with n-heptane (2000 mL). Thecake was reslurried with n-heptane on the filter drier (2000 mL). Thematerial was dried overnight in the vacuum oven at 50-55° C. to give5-bromo-2-chloro-6-cyclopentylamino-pyrimidine (1020 g; 84%) as a whitesolid.

Step B. Preparation of2-chloro-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one

To a vessel was added 5-bromo-2-chloro-6-cyclopentylamino-pyridimidine(10.0 g, 1.0 equiv.) along with N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) (50 mL, 5.0vol.) at ambient temperature. To the reaction mixture was added crotonicacid (4.7 g, 1.5 equiv.) and triethylamine (20.2 mL, 4.0 equiv.). Thevessel was degassed and purged three times with nitrogen. To thedegassed reaction mixture was added Pd(OAc)₂ (0.25 g, 0.03 equiv.). Thevessel was degassed and purged three times with nitrogen using the samemethod as step 3. The mixture was heated to 65° C. and allowed to stiruntil starting material was consumed (at least 6 hours).

Acetic anhydride (6.8 mL, 2.0 equiv) was added to the reaction mixture.The reaction was allowed to react at 65° C. until starting material wasconsumed (usually 1-2 hours).

The reaction mixture was cooled to 20° C. and H₂O (100 mL, 10 vol) wasadded to dissolve triethylamine·HBr salts and precipitate out2-chloro-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one. Thematerial was granulated at 20° C. for 1 hour. The solids were filteredand washed with H₂O (20 mL, 2.0 vol), and a 4:1 mixture ofisopropanol/H₂O (50 mL, 5.0 vol). The crude product was dried undervacuum at 55-70° C. to give2-chloro-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one, (7.8 g;81%) as a tan to gray solid.

Step C. Preparation of6-bromo-2-chloro-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one

To a glass lined vessel was added2-chloro-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one (9.35 g,1.0 equiv.) along with acetonitrile (65 mL, 7.0 vol). N-Bromosuccinimide(9.67 g, 1.5 equiv.) and oxalic acid (0.65 g, 0.2 equiv.) were added.The reaction mixture was heated to 60±5° C. The reaction was stirred at60° C. until starting material was consumed (at least 6 hours). Theslurry was cooled to 20° C. and H₂O (9 mL, 1 vol) was added. To theslurry was added a solution of sodium bisulfite (3.88 g, 1.0 equiv) inH₂O (38 mL, 4 vol). The slurry was granulated for 1 hour, then filtereddirectly onto a #2 Whatman paper filter. The reaction vessel was washedwith water (19 mL, 2 vol) followed by a 7:3 mix of methanol/acetonitrile(28 mL, 3 vol), and the washes were transferred onto the filter cake.The product was dried in the vacuum oven at 50-55° C.6-Bromo-2-chloro-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one(10.52 g; 87%) was isolated as a pale yellow solid.

The product was further purified by recrystallization from toluene andn-heptanes. Toluene (60 mL, 6 vol) and6-bromo-2-chloro-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one(10.00 g, 1 equiv) were added to a reaction vessel and heated to 80° C.The warm reaction mixture was filtered through an appropriate cartridgeto ensure the removal of insoluble Pd and other insoluble contaminants.The filter cartridge was washed with 80° C. toluene (5 mL, 0.5 vol). Theslurry was cooled to 25° C. at 1° C./min. n-Heptane (70 mL, 7 vol) wasadded to the reaction slurry at 1 mL/min. The slurry was further cooledto 0° C. at 1° C./min. The slurry was granulated at 0° C. for at least 1hour.

The slurry was filtered directly onto a #2 Whatman paper filter.n-Heptane (30 mL, 3 vol) was charged to the reaction vessel and the washwas transferred onto the filter cake and the product was dried in thevacuum oven at 50-55° C.6-Bromo-2-chloro-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one(8.73 g, 87%) was isolated as a cream colored solid. ¹H NMR (500 MHz,DMSO-d₆): δ 9.20 (s, 1H), 5.82 (m, 1H), 2.65 (s, 3H), 2.11 (m, 2H), 2.04(m, 2H), 1.86 (m, 2H), 1.64 (m, 2H); ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ158.2, 158.2, 157.6, 154.1, 144.0, 120.9, 113.0, 54.4, 28.3, 25.7, 18.3;HRMS: Calcd for C₁₃H₁₄N₃O₁Br₁Cl₁ (M+H)⁺: 342.00033. Found: 342.00037.

Example 3 Preparation of4-{6-[6-bromo-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-7-oxo-7,8-dihydro-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-ylamino]pyridin-3-yl}-piperazine-1-carboxylicacid tert-butyl ester

A dry, nitrogen purged reactor was charged with tetrahydrofuran (900 mL,15 mL/g). The batch temperature was set at 20° C. and agitation at 250RPM was started. The reactor was charged with4-(6-amino-pyridin-3-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester(63.4 g, 0.2278 moles, 1.3 equiv.) and the mixture held at 20° C. for 30min to dissolve the starting material. The reactor was charged withisopropylmagnesium chloride (93.9 g, 0.193 moles, 1st charge 1.1 eq)(2.0M in THF, 1.1 equiv.) by pump over 30 min. The batch was maintainedat 20° C. for 40 min. The reactor was charged with6-bromo-2-chloro-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one(60.1 g, 0.1755 moles, 1 eq.) all at once and rinsed with THF (50 mLrinse). An additional charge of isopropylmagnesium chloride (93.9 g,0.193 moles, 1.1 eq—2nd charge (2.0M in THF, 1.1 equiv.) was added bypump over 30 min. The batch was held at 20° C. for 90 min. and thenheated from 20° C. to 60° C.

After reaction, a mixture of THF (2.86 vol) and HOAc (1 equiv.) was usedto quench the reaction. The batch was then seeded with 0.5 wt/wt % of4-{6-[6-bromo-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-7-oxo-7,8-dihydro-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-ylamino]-pyridin-3-yl}-piperazine-1-carboxylicacid tert-butyl ester and a mixture of THF (1.14 vol) and HOAc (0.4equiv.) was charged to complete the precipitation. After cooling to 20°C., the batch was filtered, washed with acetone (4 vol), water (6 vol)and acetone (4 vol).

The wet cake was dried under vacuum at 65° C. to a constant weight togive4-{6-[6-bromo-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-7-oxo-7,8-dihydro-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-ylamino]-pyridin-3-yl}-piperazine-1-carboxylicacid tert-butyl ester in 93% yield. ¹H NMR (600 MHz, THF-d₈): δ 9.36 (s,1H), 8.87 (s, 1H), 8.22 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 8.04 (d, J=2.9 Hz, 1H), 7.39(dd, J=8.8, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 6.10 (m, 1H), 3.55 (broad, 4H), 3.09 (broad,4H), 2.60 (s, 3H), 2.30 (m, 2H), 2.09 (m, 2H), 1.85 (m, 2H), 1.66 (m,2H), 1.46 (s, 9H); ¹³C NMR (150 MHz, THF-d): δ 159.5, 158.9, 157.7,156.0, 155.0, 147.2, 144.62, 144.56, 138.0, 126.7, 117.6, 114.2, 108.4,79.9, 55.5, 50.6, 44.7, 29.0, 28.7, 26.9, 18.1; HRMS: Calcd forC₂₇H₃₅N₇O₃Br₁ (M+H)⁺: 584.19797. Found: 584.19811.

Example 4 Preparation of4-{6-[6-(1-butoxyl-vinyl)-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-7-oxo-7,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-ylamino]-pyridin-3-yl}-piperazine-1-carboxylicacid tert-butyl ester

A dry, nitrogen-purged reactor was charged with 1-butanol (60 mL, 6mL/g) and4-{6-[6-bromo-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-7-oxo-7,8-dihydro-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-ylamino]-pyridin-3-yl}-piperazine-1-carboxylicacid tert-butyl ester (10 g, 0.017 moles) and butyl vinyl ether (5.1 g,0.051 moles, 3.0 eq) were added. Diisopropylethylamine (5.3 g, 0.041moles, 2.4 eq) was added and the mixture was sparged with nitrogenthrough a sparge tube for 30 minutes. Palladium acetate (0.16 g, 0.00068moles, 0.0400 eq) and bis(2-diphenyphosphinophenyl)ether (0.45 g,0.00082 moles, 0.04800 eq) were added. The mixture was heated to 95° C.over 30 minutes and the batch was stirred at 95° C. for 2 hours. Themixture was cooled to 80° C. and sampled to monitor reaction completion.Following completion, water (15 mL, 1.5 mL/g) and 1-butanol (30 mL, 3mL/g) were added.

The solution was filtered through a 0.45 micron filter to removeprecipitated palladium. Water (35 mL, 3.5 mL/g) was added, followed by1,2 diaminopropane (6.3 g, 0.085 moles, 5.0 eq). The mixture was stirredat 70° C. for at least 30 minutes. The agitation was stopped and themixture was allowed to settle for 15 minutes. The bottom aqueous phasewas separated off and the mixture was cooled to 60° C. over 30 minutes.The mixture was seeded with4-{6-[6-(1-butoxyl-vinyl)-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-7-oxo-7,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-ylamino]pyridin-3-yl}-piperazine-1-carboxylicacid tert-butyl ester (Form C) (50 mg, 0.005 g/g) and held at 60° C. for90 minutes.

Once crystallization was observed, the mixture was cooled to 50° C. overone hour and held at 50° C. for three hours. The mixture was cooled to30° C. over three hours and held at 30° C. for two hours, then cooled to20° C. over four hours and held at 20° C. for four hours. The slurry wasfiltered and washed with 1-butanol (10 mL, 1 mL/g). The filter cake wasblown down and the mixture was charged with 1-butanol (10 mL, 1 mL/g)and the slurry was stirred at 20° C. for 1 hour. The filter cake wasblown down. The mixture was washed with methyl t-butyl ether (20 mL, 2mL/g) and the cake was fully deliquored using extended blow throughtimes (2 hours or more). The cake was dried at 70° C. Yield is 75-80%.¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.0 (s, 1H), 8.87 (s, 1H), 8.07 (d, J=2.9Hz, 1H), 7.91 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (dd, J=9.0, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 5.83 (m,1H), 4.47 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 4.05 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 3.77 (t, J=6.4 Hz,2H), 3.48 (broad, 4H), 3.11 (broad, 4H), 2.37 (s, 3H), 2.22 (m, 2H),1.89 (m, 2H), 1.75 (m, 2H), 1.61 (m, 2H), 1.58 (m, 2H), 1.43 (s, 9H),1.38 (m, 2H), 0.90 (t, J=7.39 Hz, 3H); ¹³C NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ160.9, 158.2, 157.3, 155.2, 154.6, 153.7, 145.0, 143.0, 142.6, 136.0,125.8, 125.5, 114.6, 106.6, 87.8, 78.9, 66.8, 52.8, 48.5, 43.4, 42.5,30.3, 28.0, 27.4, 25.1, 18.8, 14.4, 13.6; HRMS: Calcd for C₃₃H₄₆N₇O₄(M+H)+: 604.36058. Found: 604.36049.

The intermediate butoxyl-vinyl ether may be isolated in one of severalpolymorphic forms. Form A was isolated as the kinetic product in theabsence of seeding, while Form B was isolated in a few cases but israrely observed. The most stable crystalline form of the butoxyl-vinylether, Form C, was obtained by seeding the reaction mixture with Form Ccrystals. Any of these polymorphic forms may be utilized in thepreparation of Compound 1 free base, but polymorph Form C of thebutoxyl-vinyl ether is preferred for ease of filterability.

PXRD data for polymorph Forms A, B and C of the intermediatebutoxyl-vinyl ether are tabulated in Tables 7, 8 and 9, respectively.

TABLE 7 PXRD data for polymorph Form A of intermediate butoxyl-vinylether 2θ (°) ± 0.2 Peak Intensity (%) 4.3 100 4.8 85 6.2 39

TABLE 8 PXRD data for polymorph Form B of intermediate butoxyl-vinylether 2θ (°) ± 0.2 Peak Intensity (%) 5.5 100 7.5 3 9.7 3 11.1 4 14.8 316.7 4 17.5 5 20.1 4

TABLE 9 PXRD data for polymorph Form C of intermediate butoxyl-vinylether 2θ (°) ± 0.2 Peak Intensity (%) 5.4 100 9.7 11 10.8 58 12.7 1013.3 24 13.5 27 16.1 12 16.6 8 17.0 14 17.5 22 18.1 8 18.8 8 19.6 1620.6 16 21.7 17 22.9 8 23.8 8 24.4 8 25.0 8

Example 5 Preparation of Small Particle Size Free Base of Compound 1 bySalt Break Method

To a reactor was added4-{6-[6-(1-butoxyl-vinyl)-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-7-oxo-7,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-ylamino]-pyridin-3-yl}-piperazine-1-carboxylicacid tert-butyl ester (2.70 kg, 4.47 mol, 1.0 equiv.) followed by amixture of water (27.00 L, 10 L/kg) and acetone (13.50 L, 5 L/kg). Theyellow slurry was warmed to between 50° C. and 55° C. A solution ofmethanesulfonic acid (2.15 kg, 22.36 mol, 5.0 eq.) diluted with water(5.40 L, 2 L/kg of starting material) and acetone (5.40 L, 2 L/kg ofstarting material) was added to the reactor over approximately 10minutes. The reaction mixture was kept between 45° C. and 55° C. for atleast 12 hours. A clear yellow solution was achieved during thereaction.

The reaction mixture was cooled to 35° C., and a mixture of 5 wt %sodium hydroxide solution was added in portions to the reactor to raisethe reaction mixture to a pH>9. The reactor was cooled to between 20° C.and 25° C., granulated, and filtered. The cake was washed with waterfollowed by acetone and dried under vacuum.

This method generated the small primary particle size free base ofcompound 1, which was equivalent to the material prepared from treatmentof the compound 1 hydrochloride salt with aqueous NaOH in Example 4 ofWO 2005/005426.

In addition to the representative procedure provided above(corresponding to Experiment S in Table 10), a range of acids andaqueous solvent systems were screened to determine the impact on thereaction and subsequent quench and isolation of free base of compound 1.Lab-scale screening experiments were run to identify reaction conditionsfor converting the intermediate vinyl ether to the free base compound 1.The results of these reaction screening experiments are summarized inTable 10, indicating the generality of the method.

TABLE 10 Summary of results from reaction screening experimentsExperiment Acid Solvent system Yield Purity A Isethionic acid water 9999.93 B Isethionic acid 16% THF/water >100 98.77 C Isethionic acid 28%THF/water 95 97.95 D HCl water >100 99.59 E H₂SO₄ water 98 98.6 F MSAwater 98 99.42 G MSA 16% THF/water >100 97.86 H Isethionic acid 15%NMP/water 88 97.7 I Isethionic acid 15% DMF/water 90 98.94 J TFA (8 eq.)water 100 99.14 K Isethionic acid 15% CH₃CN/water >100 99.56 LIsethionic acid 15% acetone/water 92 99.54 M Isethionic acid 15%DMAC/water >100 98.91 N Isethionic acid 15% sulfolane/water 92 98.67 OMSA 15% CH₃CN/water 100 99.52 P MSA 15% acetone/water 97 99.54 Q CF₃SO₃Hwater N/A N/A (incomplete) R MSA 33% CH₃CN/water 99 99.7 S MSA 33%acetone/water 98 99.74 T MSA 33% MeOH/water 98 99.74 U MSA 33% THF/water96 99.76

Example 6 Conversion of Small Particle Size Free Base to Large ParticleSize Free Base of Compound 1

To a reactor was added compound 1 free base (20 g, 44.69 mmol, 1.0 eq.),prepared according to Example 5, followed by 1-butanol (320 ml, 16 ml/g)and anisole (480 ml, 24 ml/g). The yellow slurry was warmed to between95° C. and 100° C. to achieve dissolution. The reactor was cooled to 80°C. To the solution in the reactor, a seed slurry containing compound 1free base (Form A) seed crystals (0.1 g, 0.2 mmol, 0.005 eq.) suspendedin 1-butanol (5 mL, 0.25 mL/g of starting material) was charged toinduce crystallization. The resulting slurry was stirred at 80° C. for 3hours. The slurry was cooled to 10° C. at 0.2° C./min over 350 minutes,granulated, and filtered. The cake was washed with anisole followed byheptane, and dried under vacuum.

This method generated the large primary particle size crystals of thefree base of compound 1, which were equivalent to the free base preparedusing the one-pot method described in Example 7 below.

Example 7 One-Pot Method for Preparation of the Large Particle Size FreeBase of Compound 1

To a reactor was added water (200 mL, 10 mL/g) and4-{6-[6-(1-butoxyl-vinyl)-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-7-oxo-7,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-ylamino]-pyridin-3-yl}-piperazine-1-carboxylicacid tert-butyl ester (20 g, 33.1 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) followed by 1-BuOH(232 mL, 11.6 mL/g) to rinse any solids down into reactor. The yellowslurry was warmed to 70° C. A two-liquid phase mixture formed.Concentrated HCl solution (16.3 g, 165.5 mmol, 5.0 eq.) was added to thereactor over approximately 10 minutes. The reaction mixture was kept at70° C. for 4 to 6 hours. A clear yellow biphasic solution was achievedafter 3 hours.

To the reaction mixture was added anisole (356 mL, 17.8 mL/g). Whilemaintaining the mixture at 70° C., a solution of aq. NaOH (17.2 g, 172.1mmol, 5.2 eq.) (40 wt % solution) was added to the reactor over 20minutes to raise the reaction mixture to a pH>10. The two-phase mixturewas stirred for 30 minutes after the NaOH addition was complete.

The phases were separated and the organic phase was washed with watertwice. The batch was then heated to 80° C. and speck-free filtered intothe crystallizing vessel, rinsing the filter with butanol. The batch wasthen distilled to remove water and achieve a temperature of 120° C. Thebatch was then cooled to 80° C. and seeded with a seed slurry ofcompound 1 free base (Form A) seed crystals (0.015 g, 0.033 mmol, 0.1wt. % wrt compound 1) and 1-BuOH (10 mL, 0.5 mL/g). The batch was thencooled to 30° C. at 0.2° C./min and then ripened with three cycles wherethe temperature was stepped down by 10° C. each time. On the finalcycle, the batch was cooled to 10° C., granulated and filtered. The cakewas washed with twice with heptane and dried under vacuum. After drying,the sample was confirmed to be a single crystalline polymorph Form A.

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆/TFA): δ 10.41 (s, 0.75H), 9.03 (s, 0.25H), 8.98(s, 2H), 8.12 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (dd,J=9.1, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 5.84 (m, 1H), 3.40 (broad, 4H), 3.29 (broad, 4H),2.43 (s, 3H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 2.21 (m, 2H), 1.91 (m, 2H), 1.79 (m, 2H),1.59 (m, 2H); ¹³C NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d₆/TFA): δ 202.4, 160.7, 154.8,158.3, 158.0, 144.9, 142.3, 142.0, 134.6, 129.7, 126.7, 115.3, 107.0,53.0, 45.6, 42.6, 31.3, 27.6, 25.2, 13.7; HRMS: Calcd for C₂₄H₃₀N₇O₂(M+H)⁺: 448.24555. Found: 448.24540.

Comparative PSA, SSA and surface energy data for the small primaryparticle size and large primary particle size formulations of the freebase of compound 1 are provided below. In all cases, the free base wasisolated as polymorph Form A.

Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD) Experimental:

Powder Diffraction analysis was conducted using a Bruker D8diffractometer equipped with a Cu radiation source, fixed slits(divergence=1.0 mm, anti-scatter=0.6 mm, and receiving=0.6 mm) and ascintillation counter detector. Data were collected in the Theta-Thetagoniometer at the Cu wavelength Kα₁=1.54056 Å from 3.0 to 40.0 degrees2-Theta using a step size of 0.040 degrees and a step time of 2.0second. X-ray tube voltage and amperage were set at 40 kV and 40 mArespectively. Samples were prepared by placement in a Nickel Disk(Gasser & Sons, Inc. Commack, N.Y.) and rotated during data collection.Data were collected and analyzed using Bruker DIFFRAC Plus software(Version 2.6). PXRD data files (.raw) were not processed prior to peaksearching. Generally, a Threshold value of 1 and a Width value of 0.3were used to make preliminary peak assignments. The output of automatedassignments was visually checked to ensure validity and adjustmentsmanually made if necessary. Additionally, peaks were manually assignedwithin spectra if appropriate.

SSNMR Experimental:

Carbon spectra on Form A were acquired on a 4 mm rotor for 2048 scanswith recycle delay of 25 seconds and 2 ms of cross polarization. 100 kHzof proton decoupling was applied during acquisition. Carbon spectra onForm B were acquired on a 4 mm rotor for 2048 scans for 128 scans werecollected with recycle delay of 4.5 seconds with 2 ms of crosspolarization. 70 kHz of proton decoupling and total suppress of spinningsideband (TOSS) was applied during acquisition.

Instrument Method:

Approximately 80 mg of sample were packed into a 4 mm ZrO₂ rotor.Spectra were collected at ambient temperature and pressure on aBruker-Biospin 4 mm CPMAS probe positioned into a wide-boreBruker-Biospin Avance III 500 MHz (¹H frequency) NMR spectrometer. Thepacked rotor was oriented at the magic angle and spun at 15.0 kHz. The¹³C solid state spectra were collected using a proton phase modulateddecoupled cross-polarization magic angle spinning (CPMAS) experiment.The cross-polarization contact time was set to 2.0 ms. A protondecoupling field of approximately 100 kHz was applied duringacquisition. The carbon spectrum of compound 1 Form A was acquired for512 scans with a 25 second recycle delay. The spectrum is shown FIG. 2and the data is tabulated in Table 2. The carbon spectrum of compound 1Form B was acquired for 2048 scans with a 4.5 second recycle delay. Thecarbon spectra were referenced using an external standard of crystallineadamantane, setting its upfield resonance to 29.5 ppm. The spectrum isshown FIG. 4 and the data is tabulated in Table 4.

Particle Size Analysis

The particle size was analyzed using the laser diffraction (or smallangle light scattering) technique by dispersing the dry sample powderwith compressed air. Specifically, the particle size distribution wasanalyzed using the Sympatec HELOS RODOS system equipped with a Vibri drypowder feeder. The powder sample was dispersed with a dispersionpressure of 0.5 bar. In some instances, an Aspiros micro-dosing devicewas used, and the powder sample was dispersed with a dispersion pressureof 0.2 bar. A suitable lens was selected to cover the particle sizerange of each sample.

Results

Comparative data for four batches of API are provided in Table 11 below,using either the Vibri or Aspiros devices to disperse the sample. BatchNo. 4 had a D90 of around 75 μm, whereas Batch Nos. 1 and 2 both had aD90 of approximately 45 μm. The laser diffraction particle size dataconfirms the SEM observations for these batches.

TABLE 11 Comparative Size Distribution Data Summary of PSD data BatchParticle size (μm) No. Disp. Method. D[v, 0.1] D[v, 0.5] D[v, 0.9] D[4,3] 1 0.2 Bar ASPIROS 5.21 17.00 43.59 21.33 2 0.2 Bar ASPIROS 6.20 20.8346.15 23.87 3 0.2 Bar ASPIROS 11.64 46.08 130.26 59.07 0.5 bar VIBRI9.96 41.23 116.43 53.02 4 0.2 Bar ASPIROS 7.41 24.97 76.56 35.06 0.5 BarVIBRI 6.33 23.19 69.20 32.16

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

Scanning Electron Microscopy was performed under standard conditions.FIG. 5 provides a SEM (200× magnification) image of compound 1 free baseForm A recrystallized from 40% BuOH/anisole. FIG. 6 provides a SEM(1500× magnification) image of compound 1 free base Form A isolated froma standard free basing process

Sticking Analysis

The MASS (Material Adhesion Screen for Sticking) Punch was developedin-house to quantitatively assess the sticking propensity of tabletformulations by weighing the amount of adhered powder on removable punchtip after a series of compressions. This test enables formulators toobjectively and quickly evaluate the risk of punch sticking during drugproduct development and troubleshoot sticking observed during clinicaltablet manufacturing.

To prepare the sample for MASS Punch testing, 10 g of API was diluted ina lightly lubricated standard blend (10% API, 89.75% Avicel PH102 and0.25% magnesium stearate) and bottle blended (500 mL amber glass bottle)for 500 rotations. The weight of powder adhered to the removable punchtip (½″ round flat faced) was assessed using a microbalance periodicallyup to 100 compressions of ˜250 mgW tablets at a target solid fraction of0.85.

The MASS Punch profile for compound 1 free base mixed in the standardblend showed a positive response. Photos of the punch tips at the end ofthe compression runs confirmed that powder adhered to the tips (data notshown). For reference, a control sample of the standard blend is notsticky and would have less than 10 μg powdered adhered. The test methodwas found to rank the sticking propensity of new API lots relative tothose of known materials.

Specific Surface Area (SSA) Measurement (BET Nitrogen) Apparatus

Specific Surface Area (SSA) measurement (BET Nitrogen) were determinedusing a Micromeritics TriStar II 3020 specific surface area analysertogether with Micromeritics SmartPrep station (Micromeritics U.K. Ltd.,Ste 2, The Stables Hexton Manor, Hexton, Hertfordshire SG5 3JH,England). Samples were subjected to the BET-nitrogen adsorption analysisto determine the specific surface area of the samples.

Setup

Software version: TriStar II Confirm (1.03 or equivalent)

Adsorbate: Nitrogen

Sample tube: ⅜″ mm flat bottom cell with glass filler rodsSample masses*: Approximately ¾ full cellSample preparation: SmartPrep (Flow degassing using nitrogen)Out gassing conditions: 16 hrs at 25° C. under gas flow (ramping at 10°C./min)Isothermal jacket: UsedIsothermal collection points: 11 point BET in the range 0.05-0.30 P/PoIsothermal data analysis range: 7 point BET in the range 0.05-0.20 P/PoLeak test: 120 sFree space: MeasuredEvacuation time: 1 hrOutgas test duration: 180 sEquilibration interval: 10 sEquilibration timeout: 600 s

*The mass of sample varies according to the particle size of the testsample. For samples where the particle size is relatively small,approximately 0.50 g of material was required to ¾ fill the cell bulb,and where the particle size of the sample is relatively large, 0.75 g ofmaterial was required to ¾ fill the cell bulb.

Calculations and Reportinq

The specific surface area was reported in the range 0.05-0.20 P/Po using7 point BET from a triplicate determination. The sample mass, specificsurface area, BET constant (‘C’ value) and correlation coefficient foreach replicate were determined.

Results

Table 12 provides BET-N2 SSA for four batches of compound 1 free baseAPI, one comprising the small primary particle size API prepared by thetraditional salt break method (batch 5), and three batches comprisingthe large particle size API prepared according to the present invention.Batch 5 contained compound 1 free base having small primary particlesand large agglomerates, which was very static-prone and sticky. Batch 6was prepared using temperature cycling and had a typical particle sizedistribution (PSD) for the large particle size free base of compound 1,with a VMD of approximately 17 μm. Batch 7 demonstrated a similar PSD tobatch 6. Batch 8 is a representative ICH batch of the large particlesize free base of compound 1, also prepared by temperature cycling. Thesame batches were used in the surface energy determinations below.

TABLE 12 BET SSA by N₂ Batch No. BET SSA by N₂ 5 6.6 6 0.62 7 0.69 80.67

Inverse-Phase Gas Chromatography (IGC) Surface Energy Measurement:

A sufficient quantity of sample was packed into a silanised glass columnwith the powder mass secured within the column by glass wool plugsinserted at both ends. The column was conditioned by flowing a stream ofdry nitrogen through the powder mass for sufficient time for any surfaceadsorbates to be removed. Measurements were made by injecting a seriesof alkane vapour probes (Nonane, Octane, Heptane and Hexane) into thecarrier gas stream at concentrations low enough to assume infinitedilution of the alkane vapour in the nitrogen stream and recording thetime taken for each vapour to elute through the column. A plot of theretention time (corrected for the ‘dead volume’ of interstitial spacewithin the packed column) versus a function of the cross sectional areaand surface tension of the alkane vapour probe molecules used yields aline with a slope indicative of the surface energy of the solid powderunder examination.

Results

Table 13 provides Dispersive Surface Energy (mJ/m²) data generated forthe four batches of compound 1 free base, i.e., batches 5-8, describedabove with respect to the SSA data. Batch 5 is the small particle sizefree base, and batches 6-8 include the large particle size of the freebase API.

TABLE 13 Dispersive Surface Energy (mJ/m²) Dispersive Surface Batch No.Energy (mJ/m²) 5 61.63 6 49.42 7 35.75 8 42.27

All publications and patent applications cited in this specification andall references cited therein are herein incorporated by reference as ifeach individual publication or patent application or reference werespecifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail byway of illustration and example for purposes of clarity ofunderstanding, it will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill inthe art in light of the teachings of this invention that certain changesand modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spiritor scope of the appended claims.

We claim:
 1. A crystalline free base of6-acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-(5-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one,having a specific surface area of ≦2 m²/g.
 2. The free base of claim 1,having a specific surface area of ≦1 m²/g.
 3. The free base of claim 1,wherein the crystalline free base is a polymorph Form A of the freebase.
 4. The free base of claim 3, having a powder X-ray diffractionpattern comprising a peak at diffraction angle (2θ) of 10.1±0.2.
 5. Thefree base of claim 3, having a powder X-ray diffraction patterncomprising peaks at diffraction angles (2θ) of 8.0±0.2 and 10.1±0.2. 6.The free base of claim 3, having a powder X-ray diffraction patterncomprising peaks at diffraction angles (2θ) of 8.0±0.2, 10.1±0.2, and11.5±0.2.
 7. The free base of claim 3, having a powder X-ray diffractionpattern comprising peaks at diffraction angles (2θ) of 8.0±0.2,10.1±0.2, 10.3±0.2, and 11.5±0.2.
 8. The free base of claim 3, having apowder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks at diffraction angles(2θ) essentially the same as shown in FIG.
 1. 9. The free base of claim1, having a ¹³C solid state NMR spectrum comprising the followingresonance (ppm) values: 12.5 ppm±0.2 ppm.
 10. The free base of claim 9,having a ¹³C solid state NMR spectrum comprising the following resonance(ppm) values: 12.5 ppm and 112.4 ppm±0.2 ppm.
 11. The free base of claim9, having a ¹³C solid state NMR spectrum comprising the followingresonance (ppm) values: 12.5 ppm, 112.4 ppm and 143.2 ppm±0.2 ppm. 12.The free base of claim 1, having a primary particle size of from about 5mm to about 150 mm.
 13. The free base of claim 1, having a primaryparticle size distribution characterized by: (i) a D10 value of fromabout 5 mm to about 10 mm; (ii) a D90 value of from about 30 mm to about125 mm; or (iii) a D50 value of from about 10 mm to about 45 mm; or acombination of (i), (ii) and (iii).
 14. The free base of claim 1, havinga primary particle size distribution ratio of (D90-D10)/D50 of fromabout 2 to about
 3. 15. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the freebase of claim 1, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier,diluent or excipient.
 16. A capsule comprising the pharmaceuticalcomposition of claim 15, containing from 0.1 to 200 mg of the polymorphForm A of6-acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-(5-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-onefree base. 17-20. (canceled)